{"id":49227,"date":"2023-11-11T08:19:47","date_gmt":"2023-11-11T08:19:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation"},"modified":"2023-11-11T09:23:23","modified_gmt":"2023-11-11T09:23:23","slug":"angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation","title":{"rendered":"Angola: From sovereignty to international affirmation"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ade\u0301rito Ferreira<\/b><\/p>\n

Africa-Press – Angola. <\/strong><\/span>The Republic of Angola celebrates, this Saturday (11), 48 years of sovereignty and affirmation, marked by significant advances in the political and diplomatic domain, which have made the country an example in Africa in terms of conflict resolution.<\/b><\/p>\n

When it achieved Independence in November 1975, the proclaimed People’s Republic of Angola proposed to continue fighting for territorial integrity and open itself to the world for political and economic relations, as well as international cooperation.<\/p>\n

From the outset, the text of the proclamation of independence warned that the new State would only accept international cooperation under the indisputable assumption that \u201cso-called foreign aid\u201d could be neither conditioned nor conditional, with international relations having to be limited to the principle of reciprocity. of advantages.<\/p>\n

The document clarified that the new Republic would treat, with special attention, relations with Portugal on a new basis, devoid of any colonial traces and the dispute would be approached with sufficient serenity, so as not to poison future relations.<\/p>\n

\u201cOnce again, we express here that our fight was not, nor will it ever be, against the Portuguese people. On the contrary, from now on, we will be able to cement fraternal links between two peoples who share historical and linguistic ties and the same objective: freedom\u201d, reads the text of the proclamation.<\/p>\n

The struggle for self-determination began to be forged between the end of the 15th and 16th centuries in the face of Portuguese interests in conquering the territory that today makes up Angola, organized, at the time, into kingdoms such as Congo, Ndongo, Matamba, Bailundo and Kwanhama, inhabited and led by indigenous people.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

These battles of \u201cResistance to Penetration and Colonial Occupation\u201d had the virtue of postponing effective colonization until 1575, marked by the arrival of around 100 families of settlers and 400 soldiers, led by Paulo Dias de Novais, settling in a location on the coast. , founding the city of Sa\u0303o Paulo de Loanda, now Luanda.<\/p>\n

With colonization already complete, reinforced with the Berlin Conference, which regulated International Colonial Law for the occupation of territories in Africa, the natives intensified their demands for ownership of their land, as well as the fight against the sub-human treatment they received. .<\/p>\n

For example, in the 20th century, the Baixa de Cassanje Revolt took place, in Malanje, on January 4, 1961, when, tired of forced labor and all types of abuse to which they were subjected, the peasants stopped cultivating crops. cotton fields and armed with homemade weapons, they rose up.<\/p>\n

This act resulted in a brutal massacre, including bombings by Portuguese aviation resulting in thousands of deaths, according to different sources.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

In the same sense, on the 4th of February, what was cataloged as the \u201cBeginning of the Armed Struggle\u201d occurred in Luanda, considered one of the first real confrontations with colonial power, characterized by the assault on jails to free political prisoners who harbored nationalist and independence ideals. .<\/p>\n

A third revolt, known as the \u201cExpansion of the Armed Struggle for National Liberation\u201d, equally crucial to the outcome of the decolonization process, took place in the north, on March 15, with attacks on police stations, administrative posts and settler farms, which , according to reports, suffered considerable human losses.<\/p>\n

These and other manifestations led to the Alvor Agreement, in January 1975, in Portugal, between the Portuguese Government, MPLA, UNITA and FNLA, which gave legal status to the \u201ctransition\u201d and the Portuguese State’s recognition of the Angolan people’s right to sovereignty.<\/p>\n


\nRecognition of the New State<\/b><\/p>\n

Angolans finally saw their centuries-old appetite for self-determination satisfied on November 11, 1975, with National Independence, solemnly proclaimed by the leader of the MPLA, Anto\u0301nio Agostinho Neto, who was subsequently sworn in as the first President of Angola.<\/p>\n

The climate remained, however, tense, associated with the international panorama, dominated by the cold war (with the former USSR and USA trying to expand their space of influence in the world), which did not inhibit the rapid recognition of independence for more than a dozen countries, \u201cled\u201d by Brazil.<\/p>\n

The remarkable gesture of the South American nation, then governed by a military dictatorship, allied with Portugal, was followed, on the same day (11 November), by the USSR (currently Russia), Poland, Bulgaria, the former Czechoslovakia and the Democratic Republic of Germany, Mozambique, Algeria, Cape Verde, Sa\u0303o Tome\u0301 and Pri\u0301ncipe, Congo and Mali.<\/p>\n

The following day (12) Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Vietnam and Madagascar did so, while the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea on the 15th, Yemen on the 17th.<\/p>\n

Nigeria, Benin and Tanzania recognized the then RPA, on the 1st, 2nd and 6th of December 1975, respectively.<\/p>\n

Portugal, a former colonizer, formally recognized the then People’s Republic of Angola and its government more than three months later, on February 22, 1976.<\/p>\n

During that period, around 80 countries, half of which were African, recognized the Angolan government, which paved the way for the establishment of diplomatic relations with a large number of states around the world.<\/p>\n

Diplomatic Relations<\/b><\/p>\n

The Declaration of the Proclamation of Independence attested that the RPA would maintain diplomatic relations \u201cwith all countries in the world, on the basis of the principles of mutual respect, national sovereignty, non-interference, respect for territorial integrity, non-aggression, equality and reciprocity of advantages and peaceful coexistence\u201d.<\/p>\n

With these requirements, they immediately signed diplomatic ties with Angola, Brazil, on November 12, and Cuba, three days later, followed by the Netherlands, Nigeria, Italy, Congo, Russia, Serbia, Mozambique, DRC, Sweden, Tanzania, Morocco, among others, in the first ten years.<\/p>\n

Portugal and Angola formalized diplomatic relations on March 9, 1976.<\/p>\n

The moment of the Proclamation of National Independence was also used by Agostinho Neto, President of the Republic, to announce the country’s adherence, as a free and independent African State, to the principles of the Charter of African Unity and the Charter of the United Nations.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The Angolan State was recognized and admitted to the extinct Organization of African Unity (OAU), currently the African Union (AU), on February 12, 1976, becoming a Member State.<\/p>\n

Today, for 47 years within the Pan-African family, Angola is among its main financial contributors, in a universe of 55 Member States, and takes an active role with regard to the Institutional Reforms underway in the AU, replacing the OAU, created in 1963.<\/p>\n

In the capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Angola maintains a Permanent Representation to the African Union, and has been elected three times to the Peace and Security Council (CPS), respectively in 2007, 2010 and 2018, serving two-year terms.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

At the United Nations, since being admitted in December 1976, Angola has participated in the discussion of the most diverse international issues, having been elected a non-permanent member of the Security Council, with mandates from 2003 to 2004 and from 2015 to 2016.<\/p>\n

In New York, the country maintains a Permanent Mission to the United Nations.<\/p>\n

International statement<\/b><\/p>\n

In fact, freedom from the colonial yoke actually went from dream to reality. However, an armed conflict continued for around 27 years, with external interference, \u201cinterrupted\u201d by a tenuous ceasefire between the extinct FAPLA (Government) and FALA (UNITA), which made it possible to hold the first multi-party elections, in September 1992, opening a horizon of peace among Angolans.<\/p>\n

The armed conflict was, in fact, the greatest bitterness of the Angolan people, who were barely able to feel, for a long time, the taste of independence, a reality that conditioned the country’s growth in all sectors, with emphasis on the economic and social.<\/p>\n

The war undoubtedly delayed the sustained development of Angola and Angolans, who seek, at all costs, to consolidate their role in the international arena, taking advantage of the experiences of the war to help pacify the African continent.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Today, in a democratic State based on the rule of law, Angolans can now reap the most precious fruit of their resilience, inherited from their ancestors: peace.<\/p>\n

With a vocation for the peaceful resolution of international conflicts, within the framework of the United Nations Charter and International Law, Angola has been establishing its voice in different regional, continental and perhaps global spaces.<\/p>\n

At the continental level, its geographical location allows it to be part of the southern and central sub-regions, hence it belongs to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC).<\/p>\n

The Head of State, Joa\u0303o Lourenc\u0327o, has assumed the rotating presidency of SADC since August for the period 2023-2024, while another Angolan, ambassador Gilberto Veri\u0301ssimo, has led the ECCAS Commission since 2020, for a five-year term.<\/p>\n

Within the scope of defending territorial integrity and regional stability, Angola undertakes several actions, such as, for example, in the field of maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, located in the Atlantic Ocean, whose waters bathe more than 1,600 kilometers of its coast.<\/p>\n

The political \u201cprofit\u201d gained from the internal resolution of its post-independence conflict, the construction of peace and the much praised spirit of national reconciliation give Angola carte blanche to pass on the experience gained in matters of prevention, solution and management to others of internal, border and external crises, with dialogue at the center.<\/p>\n

It is with these strengths that the Republic of Angola, according to the Head of State, will run for the Presidency of the African Union in 2025, the year in which it celebrates 50 years of National Independence. This is a new challenge, which will test Angola’s resilience and influence in the search for an increasingly peaceful world.<\/p>\n

ANGOP<\/b><\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Angola<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Ade\u0301rito Ferreira Africa-Press – Angola. The Republic of Angola celebrates, this Saturday (11), 48 years of sovereignty and affirmation, marked by significant advances in the political and diplomatic domain, which have made the country an example in Africa in terms of conflict resolution. When it achieved Independence in November 1975, the proclaimed People’s Republic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":49226,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,6,244],"tags":[233,337,329],"class_list":["post-49227","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-files","category-to-homepage","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-angola","tag-angola"],"yoast_head":"\nAngola: From sovereignty to international affirmation - Angola<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Republic of Angola celebrates, this Saturday (11), 48 years of sovereignty and affirmation, marked by significant ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Angola: From sovereignty to international affirmation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Republic of Angola celebrates, this Saturday (11), 48 years of sovereignty and affirmation, marked by significant ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Angola\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AfricaPressTunisiaa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-11T08:19:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-11T09:23:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/angola\/sites\/65\/2023\/11\/sm_1699681950.65045.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1747\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1161\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"Angola: From sovereignty to international affirmation\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-11T08:19:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-11T09:23:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\"},\"wordCount\":1557,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/angola\/sites\/65\/2023\/11\/sm_1699681950.65045.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Angola\",\"Angola\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"files\",\"to-homepage\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/angola\/all-news\/angola-from-sovereignty-to-international-affirmation\",\"name\":\"Angola: From sovereignty to international affirmation - 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