{"id":28646,"date":"2023-06-12T08:47:59","date_gmt":"2023-06-12T08:47:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship"},"modified":"2023-06-12T09:20:41","modified_gmt":"2023-06-12T09:20:41","slug":"africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship","title":{"rendered":"Africa\u2019s economic relationship with China has moved from speed-dating to steady courtship"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Botswana. <\/strong><\/span>China\u2019s economic activities in Africa have expanded rapidly over the last two decades and now cover trade, investment, infrastructure, construction, manufacturing, and development finance. Unlike the European Union, which has long had an explicit trade policy structure, or the US\u2019s Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, China only has a basic policy framework in place for facilitating trade and investment flows between itself and African countries, writes Kulani McCartan-Demie.<\/b><\/p>\n

The relationship between China and Africa could perhaps best be described as \u2018casual\u2019 and \u2018open\u2019, even as African countries are committed to expanding their trade opportunities with China. The rapid trade growth has seen China become Africa\u2019s second most important trade partner after the EU (Figure 1). While this \u2018friends with benefits\u2019 arrangement may be newer, China has become a preferred partner for African countries looking to master the delicate two-step dance of trade and industry. China offers investments to scale industrial development through manufacturing to produce goods, and a huge potential market to trade goods and services.<\/p>\n

Figure 1. Africa\u2019s exports US$ 1987-2020
\n
\nFigure 1. Africa\u2019s exports US$ 1987-2020. Source: LSE Africa Trade Policy Programme based on data from IMF DOTS<\/p>\n

After three decades of \u8d70\u51fa\u53bb\u6218\u7565 \u201cGo Out\u201d policy encouraging Chinese investments overseas and the acquisition of foreign technology and know-how, China appears to have changed track. While this period saw an expansion of global export markets and trade surpluses, many overseas investments were unsuccessful. In 2020, Chinese President Xi Jinping adopted a \u201cDual Circulation\u201d strategy, pledging to reduce overseas capital outflows and rebalance growth towards domestic consumption. The new approach translates into reduced development financial flows, with a \u00a316.1 billion reduction announced at the 8th Forum for China-Africa Cooperation, and preceded by a sharp plunge in global lending by China\u2019s largest policy banks, China Exim Bank, and the China Development Bank.<\/p>\n

The reduction of financing is not exclusive to Africa, nor does it indicate a deteriorating relationship with China. Instead, the dual circulation strategy aims to deepen and intensify private sector investment with targeted support to smaller and medium-scale projects as opposed to large-scale infrastructure deals. It is unclear how this will impact the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), but as China restructures its financial engagement, its relationship with Africa appears to be maturing from the hot flush of speed dating into a steady courtship. Whether this is truly a \u2018partnership of equals\u2019, both sides have entered a new stage in their economic relationship.<\/p>\n

Casual but unbalanced<\/b><\/p>\n

Africa\u2019s trade with China is unbalanced. It is typically made up of low value-added commodities being sent to China and manufactured goods being sent back. The volume of China\u2019s trade with Asian countries (\u00a32.47 trillion) is far greater than that of African countries. Africa\u2019s share of China\u2019s \u00a34.84 trillion global trade in 2021 was only 4 per cent.<\/p>\n

Figure 2. Top 10 countries and regions in China\u2019s imports (thousand $), 2021
\n
\nFigure 2. Top 10 countries and regions in China\u2019s imports (thousand $), 2021. Source: Author\u2019s calculations based on China Customs Administration data (2021)<\/p>\n

While the volume of trade is comparatively low, the value of Africa-China trade has grown substantially but unevenly (accounting for commodity shocks). Africa\u2019s exports to China have grown from \u00a356.4 billion in 2013 to \u00a384.6 billion in 2021. This growth in value is not the result of a diversified African export basket and Africa continues to run a trade deficit with China.<\/p>\n

The bulk of China\u2019s imports from the continent continue to come from a handful of resource rich African countries and through a relatively undiversified export basket compared to Africa\u2019s exports to the rest of the world. China satisfies its appetite for commodities through imports from across the world \u2013 not just Africa. Yet, during its speed-dating with various African economies, Chinese finance emerged as a large force for natural resource-rich countries such as Angola and Nigeria, reflecting its relationship priorities in Africa: access to vital natural resources including platinum, iron ore, copper, cobalt, timber, and petroleum for Chinese industry.<\/p>\n

Figure 3. Relative importance of Africa to its top trading partners, share of Africa in total trade, by partner
\n
\nFigure 3. Relative importance of Africa to its top trading partners, share of Africa in total trade, by partner. Source: IMF (2022)<\/p>\n

Trade policy interests and arrangements<\/b><\/p>\n

African countries are generally in the initial stages of designing a China trade policy. Only the most basic framework is in place for trade engagement between Africa and China. Of the three major arrangements, the first is the obligatory World Trade Organisation most favoured nation privileges that cover all WTO members. Second, the concessional arrangements for the least developed countries through China\u2019s duty-free quota-free initiative covering 33 African countries. Third, a free trade area agreement that was signed in 2021 between China and Mauritius.<\/p>\n

African trade policy is focused on the following areas: trade promotion, access to technology know-how, emerging e-commerce initiatives, clarifying sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, and \u201cgreen lane\u201d schemes to fast-track inspection and quarantine processes for African produce. China\u2019s trade interests concentrate on natural resource imports from Africa and export of manufactures.<\/p>\n

Chinese financing for infrastructure along with investment in manufacturing has also driven this \u201copen relationship\u201d, which other partners are now trying to emulate. Though, this dating pool appears to be tilted in favour of China; forty-four African countries signed up to the BRI.<\/p>\n

Make it official<\/b><\/p>\n

As the world\u2019s second-largest economy, China remains an important trade partner for Africa. Yet, China\u2019s current trade offer to Africa falls below expectations. While there is increasing uptake by African LDC eligible for China\u2019s duty and quota free market access, China does not offer a generalised system of preferences. A preferential programme like that offered by the US\u2019s AGOA should also be a key priority, especially given the fierce competition from Asian countries which have better market access arrangements with China.<\/p>\n

China should rethink its engagement model with Africa. The Forum on China\u2013Africa Cooperation offers an opportunity for collective diplomacy, but it does not provide an institutional framework for transparent monitoring of its outcomes. The trade promotion target to boost non-oil exports from Africa to \u00a3241.77 billion by 2024 also needs to be accompanied by investments in the industrial capabilities of African firms to produce value-added goods and the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers that currently inhibit market access.<\/p>\n

African countries need to coordinate to design a coherent trade policy with China to overcome the bottlenecks for exports. African policymakers need to align a fully formulated industrial policy to the emerging investments in the manufacturing landscape from China. Production in China\u2019s Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones (ETCZs) in several African countries should be aimed not only at global exports but also at the continent-wide market that is being created under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), providing a major boost to exports and intra-African supply and value chains. Policymakers have more agency to set their relationship boundaries with China, and while \u201ckeeping it casual\u201d through informal bilateral arrangements may have taken precedent up until now, it\u2019s time for trade policy engagement to ramp up a notch and \u201cmake things official\u201d.<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Botswana<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Botswana. China\u2019s economic activities in Africa have expanded rapidly over the last two decades and now cover trade, investment, infrastructure, construction, manufacturing, and development finance. Unlike the European Union, which has long had an explicit trade policy structure, or the US\u2019s Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, China only has a basic policy framework […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":28645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,6],"tags":[233,237,234],"class_list":["post-28646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-files","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-botswana","tag-botswana"],"yoast_head":"\nAfrica\u2019s economic relationship with China has moved from speed-dating to steady courtship - Botswana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"China\u2019s economic activities in Africa have expanded rapidly over the last two decades and now cover trade, investment ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Africa\u2019s economic relationship with China has moved from speed-dating to steady courtship\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China\u2019s economic activities in Africa have expanded rapidly over the last two decades and now cover trade, investment ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Botswana\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AfricaPressTunisiaa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-06-12T08:47:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-06-12T09:20:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/botswana\/sites\/38\/2023\/06\/sm_1686544561.590996.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1697\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1128\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"Africa\u2019s economic relationship with China has moved from speed-dating to steady courtship\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-06-12T08:47:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-06-12T09:20:41+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\"},\"wordCount\":1200,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/botswana\/sites\/38\/2023\/06\/sm_1686544561.590996.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Botswana\",\"Botswana\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"files\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/botswana\/all-news\/africas-economic-relationship-with-china-has-moved-from-speed-dating-to-steady-courtship\",\"name\":\"Africa\u2019s economic relationship with China has moved from speed-dating to steady courtship - 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