{"id":8804,"date":"2021-03-28T20:08:47","date_gmt":"2021-03-28T20:08:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/?p=8804"},"modified":"2021-03-28T18:16:19","modified_gmt":"2021-03-28T18:16:19","slug":"ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars","title":{"rendered":"O\u00f9 est pass\u00e9e l\u2019eau de Mars?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press<\/a> – Burkina Faso<\/a>. <\/strong><\/span>Mars n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 la plan\u00e8te aride que l\u2019on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui: il y a des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, elle abritait des lacs, des rivi\u00e8res, voire des oc\u00e9ans. Mais la question de savoir o\u00f9 toute cette eau a disparu restait myst\u00e9rieuse.<\/p>\n

Jusqu\u2019ici, les chercheurs pensaient qu\u2019elle s\u2019\u00e9tait \u00e9chapp\u00e9e dans l\u2019espace. Mais selon une nouvelle \u00e9tude, elle s\u2019est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 retrouv\u00e9e en grande partie enferm\u00e9e dans la cro\u00fbte martienne.<\/p>\n

Attention, cette trouvaille ne signifie pas \u201cqu\u2019il existe une esp\u00e8ce d\u2019immense r\u00e9servoir d\u2019eau\u201d sous la surface de Mars, avertit Eva Scheller, chercheuse au California Institute of technology et principale autrice de l\u2019\u00e9tude, publi\u00e9e mardi dans la prestigieuse revue Science.<\/p>\n

\u201cNous disons que la cro\u00fbte est form\u00e9e de ce que nous appelons des min\u00e9raux hydrat\u00e9s, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des min\u00e9raux qui ont de l\u2019eau dans leur structure\u201d, explique-t-elle \u00e0 l\u2019AFP.<\/p>\n

Au d\u00e9but de son histoire, Mars avait assez d\u2019eau liquide \u00e0 sa surface pour la recouvrir sous l\u2019\u00e9quivalent d\u2019entre 100 \u00e0 1.500 m\u00e8tres de haut, selon les scientifiques.<\/p>\n

A titre de comparaison, 1.000 m\u00e8tres de haut sur l\u2019ensemble de la plan\u00e8te rouge \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 la moiti\u00e9 de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Atlantique, a calcul\u00e9 Eva Scheller.<\/p>\n

Il n\u2019y en a plus aujourd\u2019hui qu\u2019entre 20 \u00e0 40 m\u00e8tres de haut selon cette m\u00eame mesure. Une eau pr\u00e9sente soit dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re, soit sous forme de glace dans les calottes polaires ou le sous-sol martien.<\/p>\n

Alors o\u00f9 est donc pass\u00e9 le reste ?<\/p>\n

\u2013 Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 99% \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n

Jusqu\u2019ici, les chercheurs consid\u00e9raient la perte de cette eau comme due \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chappement atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne existe aussi sur Terre, mais est plus prononc\u00e9 sur Mars \u00e0 cause de la faible gravit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Les mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau sont compos\u00e9es d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne, et \u201cles atomes d\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne sont tr\u00e8s l\u00e9gers\u201d, explique Eva Scheller. \u201cDe ce fait ils peuvent se lib\u00e9rer du champ gravitationnel de Mars, et s\u2019\u00e9chapper dans l\u2019espace.\u201d<\/p>\n

Mais cette explication ne suffisait \u00e0 expliquer la perte que d\u2019une petite quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau.<\/p>\n

Or les observations de satellites ainsi que les analyses effectu\u00e9es par les diff\u00e9rents rovers envoy\u00e9s sur Mars montraient qu\u2019elle en avait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 abrit\u00e9 bien plus.<\/p>\n

En outre, l\u2019\u00e9tude du niveau de deut\u00e9rium sur Mars, qui compose une petite partie de l\u2019hydrog\u00e8ne et s\u2019\u00e9chappe moins dans l\u2019espace car il est plus lourd, ne collait pas non plus avec les seules th\u00e9ories d\u2019\u00e9chappement atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude publi\u00e9e mardi a ainsi pour la premi\u00e8re fois construit un mod\u00e8le ajoutant une th\u00e9orie compl\u00e9mentaire.<\/p>\n

\u201cLorsqu\u2019une pierre interagit avec de l\u2019eau, il y a une s\u00e9rie de r\u00e9actions chimiques tr\u00e8s complexes qui forment un min\u00e9ral hydrat\u00e9\u201d, explique Eva Scheller.<\/p>\n

L\u2019argile est un exemple tr\u00e8s commun d\u2019un tel min\u00e9ral, et \u00e9galement le plus r\u00e9pandu sur Mars, selon la chercheuse.<\/p>\n

\u201cLa perte de l\u2019eau dans la cro\u00fbte martienne est au moins \u00e9gale ou plus importante que l\u2019\u00e9chappement atmosph\u00e9rique\u201d, dit-elle. Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 99% de l\u2019eau disparue de la surface martienne pourrait ainsi \u00eatre emprisonn\u00e9e dans les roches.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Aride depuis 3 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9tude montre que \u201cla perte d\u2019eau dans la cro\u00fbte est un m\u00e9canisme tr\u00e8s important pour les plan\u00e8tes, qui dicte le moment o\u00f9 elles deviennent arides\u201d, souligne la chercheuse.<\/p>\n

Ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 se produit aussi sur Terre, mais gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la tectonique des plaques (qui n\u2019existe pas sur Mars), l\u2019eau emprisonn\u00e9e est recycl\u00e9e, via les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes volcaniques.<\/p>\n

De plus, sachant que les min\u00e9raux hydrat\u00e9s sur Mars sont vieux d\u2019au moins trois milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, cela signifie que la plan\u00e8te rouge avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 perdu la plupart de son eau \u00e0 ce moment-l\u00e0, selon l\u2019\u00e9tude.<\/p>\n

\u201cMars \u00e9tait plus ou moins comme nous la connaissons aujourd\u2019hui il y a trois milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es\u201d, dit Mme Scheller.<\/p>\n

Elle esp\u00e8re pouvoir affiner les diff\u00e9rents sc\u00e9narios envisag\u00e9s dans son \u00e9tude gr\u00e2ce au rover de la Nasa Perseverance, qui vient d\u2019arriver sur la plan\u00e8te rouge.<\/p>\n

\u201cLe rover Perseverance va \u00e9tudier exactement ces proc\u00e9d\u00e9s et r\u00e9actions qui causent l\u2019emprisonnement de l\u2019eau dans la cro\u00fbte\u201d, se r\u00e9jouit-elle. Il pourrait se r\u00e9v\u00e9ler \u00eatre \u201cla plus importante pi\u00e8ce du puzzle\u201d, permettant d\u2019apporter une r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9finitive \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nigme.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Burkina Faso. Mars n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 la plan\u00e8te aride que l\u2019on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui: il y a des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, elle abritait des lacs, des rivi\u00e8res, voire des oc\u00e9ans. Mais la question de savoir o\u00f9 toute cette eau a disparu restait myst\u00e9rieuse. Jusqu\u2019ici, les chercheurs pensaient qu\u2019elle s\u2019\u00e9tait \u00e9chapp\u00e9e dans l\u2019espace. Mais selon […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":8803,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,11,10],"tags":[111,725,1680,29,1702,1703,1519],"class_list":["post-8804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-homepage-french","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-burkina-faso","tag-africa-press-senegal","tag-burkina-faso","tag-leau","tag-mars","tag-senegal"],"yoast_head":"\nO\u00f9 est pass\u00e9e l\u2019eau de Mars? - Burkina Faso<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mars n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 la plan\u00e8te aride que l\u2019on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui: il y a des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, elle abritait de ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"O\u00f9 est pass\u00e9e l\u2019eau de Mars?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mars n\u2019a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 la plan\u00e8te aride que l\u2019on conna\u00eet aujourd\u2019hui: il y a des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, elle abritait de ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Burkina Faso\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-03-28T20:08:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/burkina\/sites\/42\/2021\/03\/img-6060c07477f5a.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"395\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"O\u00f9 est pass\u00e9e l\u2019eau de Mars?\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-03-28T20:08:47+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\"},\"wordCount\":800,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/burkina\/sites\/42\/2021\/03\/img-6060c07477f5a.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Burkina Faso\",\"Africa Press-Senegal\",\"Burkina Faso\",\"l'eau\",\"Mars\",\"s\u00e9negal\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"homepage-french\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/burkina-faso\/toutes-les-actualites\/ou-est-passee-leau-de-mars\",\"name\":\"O\u00f9 est pass\u00e9e l\u2019eau de Mars? 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