{"id":14481,"date":"2021-09-19T23:33:32","date_gmt":"2021-09-19T23:33:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/?p=14481"},"modified":"2021-09-17T21:39:11","modified_gmt":"2021-09-17T21:39:11","slug":"mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre","title":{"rendered":"Mars aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 habitable bien avant la Terre"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press<\/a> – Congo Kinshasa<\/a>. <\/strong><\/span>Selon des chercheurs de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario, la plan\u00e8te rouge aurait pu pr\u00e9senter des conditions propices \u00e0 la vie il y a un peu plus de 4 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, bien avant les premi\u00e8res formes de vie connues de notre plan\u00e8te.<\/b><\/p>\n

Lors du Grand bombardement tardif, l’augmentation drastique des impacts m\u00e9t\u00e9oritiques et com\u00e9taires sur les plan\u00e8tes telluriques du Syst\u00e8me solaire a particuli\u00e8rement touch\u00e9 Mars et la Terre. Si l\u2019existence de cette p\u00e9riode n\u2019est pas av\u00e9r\u00e9e et reste purement th\u00e9orique, elle a pu \u00eatre \u00e9nonc\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce aux datations de roches lunaires rapport\u00e9es au fil des missions Apollo.<\/p>\n

Ce bombardement tardif s\u2019\u00e9tendrait approximativement de 4,1 \u00e0 3,9 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es avant aujourd\u2019hui et serait la seconde salve de bombardements intensifs, les premiers ayant cess\u00e9 progressivement apr\u00e8s la formation des plan\u00e8tes de notre Syst\u00e8me, lors de sa gen\u00e8se il y a 4,6 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Cette th\u00e9orie a \u00e9t\u00e9 remise en question par les chercheurs de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario, dans une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans la revue Nature. Y est exprim\u00e9e l’hypoth\u00e8se que les impacts m\u00e9t\u00e9oritiques sur Mars auraient cess\u00e9 bien avant ceux sur notre plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

UNE COMPOSITION DIFF\u00c9RENTE<\/b><\/p>\n

Les chercheurs ont analys\u00e9 des min\u00e9raux martiens retrouv\u00e9s dans des morceaux de m\u00e9t\u00e9orites ayant \u00e9chou\u00e9 sur notre plan\u00e8te dans le d\u00e9sert du Sahara. Celles-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 capt\u00e9es par notre champ gravitationnel suite \u00e0 une collision entre Mars et un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde de plusieurs centaines de m\u00e8tres d’envergure.<\/p>\n

Lorsqu\u2019une m\u00e9t\u00e9orite ou un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde vient s\u2019\u00e9craser sur une plan\u00e8te tellurique, le choc engendre des pressions et des temp\u00e9ratures hautement \u00e9lev\u00e9es, facilement d\u00e9tectables lors d\u2019analyses. Les \u00e9chantillons de Zircon et de Baddeleyite, dat\u00e9s de 4,48 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, pr\u00e9sents dans ces min\u00e9raux martiens ne pr\u00e9sentent pour leur part aucune trace indiquant qu’ils ont subi un impact important. \u00ab 97 % des grains que l\u2019on a \u00e9tudi\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentent des caract\u00e9ristiques m\u00e9tamorphiques de choc faible ou nul \u00bb admet Edmond Moser, chercheur \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario et principal auteur de cette \u00e9tude. \u00ab Nous n\u2019avons d\u00e9cel\u00e9 aucune surimpression thermique induite par un choc important. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Des analyses identiques r\u00e9alis\u00e9es sur des \u00e9chantillons terriens et lunaires ont montr\u00e9 que 80 % des grains \u00e9tudi\u00e9s affichaient quant \u00e0 eux des signes thermiques d’impacts importants. Qu\u2019en conclure ? Pour les auteurs de l\u2019\u00e9tude, la p\u00e9riode de bombardement intensif sur Mars aurait donc pu prendre fin beaucoup plus t\u00f4t que sur notre plan\u00e8te, il y a 4,48 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es. De cela aurait r\u00e9sult\u00e9 un environnement propice au d\u00e9veloppement de la vie. \u00ab En prenant en compte les mod\u00e8les d\u2019habitabilit\u00e9 thermique, nous avons conclu que certaines parties de la cro\u00fbte de Mars ont atteint des pressions et des temp\u00e9ratures habitables il y a 4,2 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, soit au d\u00e9but de la p\u00e9riode humide martienne \u00bb conclut le chercheur.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 QUOI RESSEMBLAIT MARS ALORS ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Toujours selon l\u2019\u00e9tude, apr\u00e8s cette phase d’impacts, la cro\u00fbte de Mars se serait refroidie progressivement et la surface aurait ainsi pu r\u00e9unir les conditions de temp\u00e9rature et de pression propices \u00e0 la vie, environ 500 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es plus t\u00f4t que la plus ancienne trace de vie reconnue sur notre plan\u00e8te.<\/p>\n

Mars pr\u00e9sentait \u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode un aspect totalement diff\u00e9rent de celui qu\u2019on lui pr\u00eate aujourd’hui et entamait donc il y a 4,2 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es sa p\u00e9riode humide. Certaines \u00e9tudes ont avanc\u00e9 l\u2019id\u00e9e qu\u2019un immense oc\u00e9an couvrait alors une partie de son h\u00e9misph\u00e8re nord et plusieurs lacs et rivi\u00e8res parsemaient toute sa surface \u00e0 cette p\u00e9riode. En 2020, une mission cherchera d\u2019ailleurs \u00e0 trouver des traces d\u2019un ancien oc\u00e9an ; le rover de la NASA Mars 2020 explorera en effet le lac Jezero, ayant potentiellement abrit\u00e9 la vie.<\/p>\n

Le Grand bombardement tardif mit fin \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9on du Phyllosien, l\u2019\u00e9on \u00e9tant un intervalle de temps g\u00e9ochronologique, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par un \u00e9tat encore chaud de la plan\u00e8te Mars et d\u2019une enveloppe atmosph\u00e9rique \u00e9paisse. Lui a succ\u00e9d\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9on du Th\u00e9iikien, qui s’est prolong\u00e9e jusqu\u2019\u00e0 -3,6 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es. \u00ab C\u2019est une p\u00e9riode de tr\u00e8s fort volcanisme permettant de conserver une bonne pression atmosph\u00e9rique, beaucoup de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, notamment le soufre, et une bonne couverture nuageuse \u00bb avance Pierre Brisson, pr\u00e9sident de la Mars Society Switzerland. Cet \u00e9on est surtout int\u00e9ressant du fait \u00ab de l\u2019abondance d\u2019eau liquide s\u2019\u00e9coulant au cours de cet \u00e9pisode \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Si de r\u00e9centes \u00e9tudes montrent en \u00e9cho que l\u2019eau aurait parcouru Mars bien plus longtemps qu\u2019on ne le pensait, les prochaines missions devraient nous permettre d\u2019en apprendre un peu plus sur l\u2019habitabilit\u00e9 potentielle de Mars durant ses premiers temps g\u00e9ologiques.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Congo Kinshasa. Selon des chercheurs de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario, la plan\u00e8te rouge aurait pu pr\u00e9senter des conditions propices \u00e0 la vie il y a un peu plus de 4 milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, bien avant les premi\u00e8res formes de vie connues de notre plan\u00e8te. Lors du Grand bombardement tardif, l’augmentation drastique des impacts m\u00e9t\u00e9oritiques […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":14480,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,11,10],"tags":[36,47,46,76,221],"class_list":["post-14481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-homepage-french","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-congo-kinshasa","tag-congo-kinshasa","tag-mars","tag-universite-de-western-ontario"],"yoast_head":"\nMars aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 habitable bien avant la Terre - Congo-kinshasa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Selon des chercheurs de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario, la plan\u00e8te rouge aurait pu pr\u00e9senter des conditions propices ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mars aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 habitable bien avant la Terre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Selon des chercheurs de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario, la plan\u00e8te rouge aurait pu pr\u00e9senter des conditions propices ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Congo-kinshasa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-09-19T23:33:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/centrafricaine\/sites\/49\/2021\/09\/img-61450adfead0c.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"Mars aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 habitable bien avant la Terre\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-19T23:33:32+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\"},\"wordCount\":869,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/centrafricaine\/sites\/49\/2021\/09\/img-61450adfead0c.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Congo Kinshasa\",\"Congo Kinshasa\",\"Mars\",\"Universit\u00e9 de Western Ontario\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"homepage-french\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/congo-kinshasa\/toutes-les-actualites\/mars-aurait-ete-habitable-bien-avant-la-terre\",\"name\":\"Mars aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 habitable bien avant la Terre - 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