{"id":84908,"date":"2024-08-04T17:25:14","date_gmt":"2024-08-04T17:25:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/cotedivoire\/politique\/loceanie-a-perdu-87-de-sa-population"},"modified":"2024-08-04T17:25:14","modified_gmt":"2024-08-04T17:25:14","slug":"loceanie-a-perdu-87-de-sa-population","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/cotedivoire\/toutes-les-actualites\/loceanie-a-perdu-87-de-sa-population","title":{"rendered":"\u00ab\u00a0L’Oc\u00e9anie a perdu 87% de sa population\u00a0\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – C\u00f4te d’Ivoire. <\/strong><\/span> Les Dossiers de Sciences et Avenir: Quelles sont les conse\u0301quences de l’arrive\u0301e des explorateurs europe\u0301ens pour les populations insulaires du Pacifique ?<\/b>
\nChristophe Sand:<\/b> De\u0300s les premiers contacts, soit pour certaines i\u0302les de\u0300s le 16e sie\u0300cle, il y a eu introduction de maladies: grippe, dysenterie, tuberculose, oreillons, maladies ve\u0301ne\u0301riennes… Comme sur le continent ame\u0301ricain apre\u0300s l’arrive\u0301e de Christophe Colomb, le choc microbien provoque d’e\u0301normes e\u0301pide\u0301mies car la population, porteuse de peu de maladies, n’a aucune de\u0301fense immunitaire.<\/p>\n

Le choc microbien est donc a\u0300 l’origine de la de\u0301stabilisation de ces socie\u0301te\u0301s ?<\/b><\/p>\n

C’est l’e\u0301le\u0301ment de\u0301clencheur qui entrai\u0302ne une se\u0301rie de phe\u0301nome\u0300nes aggravants. Ainsi, dans la premie\u0300re moitie\u0301 du 19e sie\u0300cle, a\u0300 travers toutes les i\u0302les du Pacifique, les peuples oce\u0301aniens sont en permanence en guerre entre eux: ils espe\u0300rent conjurer ce qui les fait mourir en supprimant ceux qu’ils accusent de ce mauvais sort, me\u0302me s’ils ont fait le lien avec l’arrive\u0301e des Europe\u0301ens.<\/p>\n

De plus, les chefs, qui ont e\u0301te\u0301 les premiers au contact avec les \u00ab\u00a0de\u0301couvreurs\u00a0\u00bb, sont les premiers a\u0300 mourir: les dynasties sont e\u0301radique\u0301es, les socie\u0301te\u0301s de\u0301stabilise\u0301es. L’impact des maladies ve\u0301ne\u0301riennes, c’est aussi la ste\u0301rilite\u0301. La plupart des couples ne peuvent plus enfanter. Au 19e sie\u0300cle, les missionnaires chre\u0301tiens te\u0301moignent de villages entiers sans enfants et e\u0301voquent un \u00ab\u00a0silence de mort\u00a0\u00bb. Certaines chefferies sont contraintes d’aller chercher des enfants sur d’autres i\u0302les et de les adopter pour continuer leur ligne\u0301e.<\/p>\n

Comment e\u0302tes-vous parvenu a\u0300 re\u0301e\u0301valuer la de\u0301mographie oce\u0301anienne initiale ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Jusque dans les anne\u0301es 1980, les de\u0301mographes estimaient la densite\u0301 moyenne de la population pre\u0301-contact a\u0300 seulement dix personnes par kilome\u0300tre carre\u0301. De\u0300s mes premie\u0300res anne\u0301es de terrain en Nouvelle-Cale\u0301donie, il y a trente ans, cette e\u0301valuation m’a paru en de\u0301calage avec les donne\u0301es arche\u0301ologiques que nous collections, comme avec les tout premiers te\u0301moignages d’explorateurs signalant des i\u0302les \u00ab\u00a0bien peuple\u0301es\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

En couplant vestiges arche\u0301ologiques, tradition orale et re\u0301cits des \u00ab\u00a0de\u0301couvreurs\u00a0\u00bb (navigateurs, missionnaires, agents coloniaux…), j’ai re\u0301alise\u0301 une cinquantaine d’e\u0301tudes de cas sur l’ensemble du Pacifique. Elles mettent en lumie\u0300re une chute de\u0301mographique de l’ordre de 87,5 % en moyenne. De trois millions d’Oce\u0301aniens au 16e sie\u0300cle, il ne restait plus au de\u0301but des anne\u0301es 1900 que 410.000 habitants.<\/p>\n

Comment une telle catastrophe est-elle reste\u0301e si longtemps inconnue ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Tout d’abord parce que les missionnaires chre\u0301tiens, qui ont constate\u0301 le de\u0301peuplement de\u0300s la fin du 18e sie\u0300cle, l’ont minimise\u0301 – les Oce\u0301aniens les accusant d’en e\u0302tre responsables. Puis, a\u0300 la fin du 19e sie\u0300cle, la plupart des ethnologues occidentaux avaient la conviction que les peuples insulaires sortaient tout juste de la pre\u0301histoire, qu’ils constituaient des socie\u0301te\u0301s pures, multise\u0301culaires… Quant aux de\u0301mographes, ils e\u0301taient persuade\u0301s que les i\u0302les du Pacifique e\u0301taient prote\u0301ge\u0301es des e\u0301pide\u0301mies par leur isolement.<\/p>\n

Aux 18e et 19e sie\u0300cles, comment les colonisateurs re\u0301agissent-ils au de\u0301peuplement ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Il y a ceux qui ne veulent pas voir, ceux qui accusent les indige\u0300nes d’avoir des comportements bestiaux, de\u0301prave\u0301s, de favoriser l’emprise de vieux chefs sur les jeunes filles, ce qui nuirait a\u0300 une bonne reproduction. Peu d’Europe\u0301ens battent leur coulpe ! D’autant que la colonisation a aussi introduit l’opium, le tabac, l’alcool, souvent frelate\u0301, et cela contribue a\u0300 justifier l’effondrement de\u0301mographique. Quant aux missionnaires, ils invoquent la volonte\u0301 de Dieu.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la C\u00f4te d’Ivoire, suivez Africa-Press<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – C\u00f4te d’Ivoire. Les Dossiers de Sciences et Avenir: Quelles sont les conse\u0301quences de l’arrive\u0301e des explorateurs europe\u0301ens pour les populations insulaires du Pacifique ? Christophe Sand: De\u0300s les premiers contacts, soit pour certaines i\u0302les de\u0300s le 16e sie\u0300cle, il y a eu introduction de maladies: grippe, dysenterie, tuberculose, oreillons, maladies ve\u0301ne\u0301riennes… Comme sur […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":84907,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[37],"class_list":["post-84908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-cote-divoire-2"],"yoast_head":"\n"L'Oc\u00e9anie a perdu 87% de sa population" - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/cotedivoire\/politique\/loceanie-a-perdu-87-de-sa-population\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\""L'Oc\u00e9anie a perdu 87% de sa population"\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Africa-Press – C\u00f4te d’Ivoire. 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