{"id":13580,"date":"2022-04-04T12:57:41","date_gmt":"2022-04-04T12:57:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/uncategorized\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity"},"modified":"2022-04-04T13:45:13","modified_gmt":"2022-04-04T13:45:13","slug":"how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity","title":{"rendered":"How the Cold War Challenged Sino-African American Solidarity"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Gambia. <\/strong><\/span>Editor\u2019s note: This is the second of a two-part interview with Gao Yunxiang, a professor of history at Ryerson University and author of the new book \u201cArise, Africa! Roar China!: Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century.\u201d Part one, on the ties between African American and Chinese intellectuals, can be found here.<\/p>\n

Liu Zifeng: How did the Cold War international order, Sino-Soviet relations, and shifts in Chinese and U.S. foreign policy impact relations between Chinese and African Americans?<\/p>\n

Gao Yunxiang: Following its rough birth amid the intensifying Cold War atmosphere, the infant People\u2019s Republic of China was forced to confront a superpower armed with nuclear weapons in the Korean War. By this point, the singer, actor, and activist Paul Robeson was enshrined as a fearless and reliable friend of China, and for Robeson, China was a strong source of support that he sorely needed.April 20, 1949 marked the start of Robeson\u2019s political downfall in the United States. On that day, he famously told the International Congress for Peace in Paris that it was \u201cunthinkable that American Negroes would go to war on behalf of those who have oppressed us for generations against the Soviet Union.\u201d That statement quickly drew widespread condemnation, including from Jackie Robinson, the famous African American baseball star, whom Robeson had helped to integrate the game.<\/p>\n

Joining W.E.B. Du Bois in standing firmly behind Robeson was the Chinese Communist Party. The People\u2019s Daily condemned Robinson and defended Robeson. The paper reported Robeson\u2019s speech, highlighting the standing ovation the star received from the event\u2019s 2,000 attendees, including Nobel Laureate and nuclear scientist Frederic Joliot-Curie and Robeson\u2019s friend, the artist Pablo Picasso. Treating the organized regional and world peace movement as a powerful popular rebuke of U.S. involvement in China\u2019s Civil War and later the Korean War, Chinese state media reported intensively on the involvement of Du Bois and Paul Robeson in the pacifist movement.<\/p>\n

The United States quickly accelerated its attacks on Robeson. The most significant and ugliest example was the so-called Peekskill riots, in which right-wing mobs brutally attacked a Robeson concert in August 1949. Soon, the U.S. State Department cancelled Robeson\u2019s passport and stalled his brilliant career. As is well documented in both Robeson\u2019s writings and Chinese state media coverage, Robeson and the People\u2019s Republic lent each other unyielding support during their most trying moments.By the late 1950s, in the wake of the disastrous Great Leap Forward, China had immediate reasons to welcome public support from African American cultural giants. The CCP needed a new domestic perspective to reinvigorate the revolution and socialize the nation. In addition, it required new diplomatic defenders and tactics as it contested Soviet dominance of world communism and aspired to leadership of the \u201cThird World\u201d that bound the destinies of China with former agricultural colonies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.<\/p>\n

The CCP was already reaching out to Africa, but the newly independent African states met Chinese overtures with caution and reserve. The stature of these African American figures among the African diaspora helped China open doors for alliances across the continent. Du Bois\u2019 reputation and endorsement particularly meant a great deal. Chinese outreach to Africa through diplomatic exchanges, aid, and propaganda peaked following the Du Boises\u2019 1959 visit to China. For diplomatic and economic reasons, China continued to maintain a large presence in Africa, which the Du Boises helped to foster.<\/p>\n

During the 1960s, Mao Zedong was interested in contacts with radical Blacks, who he valorized as true revolutionaries. Influential Black activist Robert Williams, author of \u201cNegroes with Guns,\u201d was mentioned in a People\u2019s Daily headline plastered on the ceiling of my childhood bedroom, for instance. At the same time, Black Americans were impressed by Mao\u2019s anti-American imperialism as well as his emphasis on violent struggles and cultural change as a revolutionary force.Liu: As often happens in cases of transnational exchange, the intellectual and cultural interactions between China and African America that you chart were fraught with misunderstandings, ambiguity, and conflict. What were some of the complexities and contradictions of the internationalist politics of the five central figures in your book?<\/p>\n

Gao: Caught in between the murky, sometimes treacherous, and shifting trans-Pacific political and ideological waters, all five citizens of the world I profile \u2014 W.E.B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Liu Liangmo, and Sylvia Si-lan Chen \u2014 experienced their share of ambiguity and conflict. For instance, in 1962, state media and publishers in the People\u2019s Republic of China suddenly fell silent on Robeson, who had been promoted as a heroic revolutionary model for China\u2019s socialist citizens throughout the 1950s. After the Sino-Soviet split came into the open, Robeson\u2019s position of advocating for peaceful coexistence fell on the wrong side of Chinese politics amid a shift in dynamics between the trans-Pacific powers.The official press took an alternative approach toward Hughes. Outlets awkwardly remained silent on Hughes\u2019s public renunciation of his radical past at the peak of McCarthyism and the Korean War; instead, they fixed their gaze on the writer he was in the 1930s, an \u201cestablished Black revolutionary writer,\u201d as if he were preserved in a time capsule. Liu and Chen, meanwhile, were marginalized and even attacked during the radical Maoist years by a regime they had long idealized.<\/p>\n

W.E.B Du Bois\u2019 treatment of imperial Japan \u2014 which brutalized China and Asia \u2014 as a pillar of \u201cthe darker word\u201d turned out to be the most controversial. Du Bois visited the segregated treaty port of Shanghai in 1936. Pampered by the Japanese authorities, he stayed at the luxurious Cathay Hotel on the Bund. At the University of Shanghai, Du Bois \u201coccupied a seat on the dais,\u201d listening as a Rockefeller Foundation representative spoke about scholarships to the United States.<\/p>\n

\u201cI said to the president that I should like to talk to a group of Chinese and discuss frankly racial and social matters,\u201d Du Bois recalled. He soon \u201cplunged\u2026recklessly\u201d into a luncheon at the Chinese Bankers\u2019 Club at 59 Hong Kong Road on November 30. He wanted to know, in his own words, \u201cWhy is it that you (Chinese) hate Japan more than Europe when you have suffered more from England, France, and Germany than from Japan?\u201d If Japan and China worked together, Du Bois continued, perhaps Europe could be eliminated permanently from Asia. Du Bois calmly reported, \u201cThere ensured a considerable silence, in which I joined.\u201dHis dismayed hosts responded that whatever problems China suffered, Japan\u2019s militarism hindered any progress. Unconvinced, Du Bois commented later that \u201cthe most disconcerting thing about Asia is the burning hatred of China and Japan (for each other).\u201d As he sailed from Shanghai aboard the S. S. Shanghai Mari to Nagasaki on December 1, 1936, Du Bois hurled a final insult, claiming that the Chinese Nationalists were \u201cAsian Uncle Toms,\u201d likening them to the willing Black menials of white racism in the United States.<\/p>\n

Du Bois repeated his belief in the virtues of Japanese rule and firmly urged a Sino-Japanese alliance, which would \u201csave the world for the darker races.\u201d He steadfastly maintained such views even after Japanese forces occupied Beiping (today\u2019s Beijing) and Shanghai. To the news of the Nanjing Massacre, Japan\u2019s genocidal occupation of China\u2019s then-capital in late 1937 and early 1938, Du Bois responded that few of the white Americans expressing horror at the killing had said much about Italy\u2019s recent depredations in Ethiopia.<\/p>\n

Liu: What lessons do the stories recounted in your book offer for understanding China-U.S. relations?<\/p>\n

Gao: While most scholarship on Sino-American relations treats the United States as default white, \u201cArise, Africa! Roar, China!\u201d cuts a new path by foregrounding African Americans. It allows us to reimagine Sino-American relations by decentering Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon in the discourse, understanding Afro-Asian history as central to world history, and focusing on global anti-imperialism and popular movements which are still relevant today. My book combines the study of Black internationalism and the experiences of China and Chinese Americans with a trans-Pacific narrative. It reveals earlier and widespread interactions between Chinese and Black leftist figures prior to the better-known alliance between Black radicals and Maoist China in the 1960s.<\/p>\n

It also shows the global remaking of China\u2019s modern popular culture and politics. The book traces China\u2019s transnational entanglements even during periods when the nation has commonly been regarded as insular and unconnected to the wider world.The intertwined lives of these five citizens of the world, usually perceived as inhabiting non-overlapping domains, stand as powerful counters to narratives that foreground racism and alienation. Their endeavors across racial, national, cultural, and linguistic boundaries illustrate that the world always remains connected despite political, legal, immigration, and diplomatic hurdles. Their stories offer a view into the power and potential of Black internationalism and Sino\u2013African American collaboration. \u201cArise, Africa!\u201d and \u201cRoar, China!\u201d as articulated by Du Bois and Hughes, respectively, match the shared struggles of a nation and a nation-within-a-nation. Their power and promise resonate to this day.<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Gambia<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Gambia. Editor\u2019s note: This is the second of a two-part interview with Gao Yunxiang, a professor of history at Ryerson University and author of the new book \u201cArise, Africa! Roar China!: Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century.\u201d Part one, on the ties between African American and Chinese intellectuals, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":13579,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8,9],"tags":[2355,2361,2972,4494,260],"class_list":["post-13580","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-homepage-english","category-miscellaneous","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-gambia","tag-african","tag-american","tag-gambia"],"yoast_head":"\nHow the Cold War Challenged Sino-African American Solidarity - Gambia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Editor\u2019s note: This is the second of a two-part interview with Gao Yunxiang, a professor of history at Ryerson Universit ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How the Cold War Challenged Sino-African American Solidarity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Editor\u2019s note: This is the second of a two-part interview with Gao Yunxiang, a professor of history at Ryerson Universit ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Gambia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AfricaPressTunisiaa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-04T12:57:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-04T13:45:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/gambia\/sites\/19\/2022\/04\/img-624af64b7720d.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"656\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"328\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"How the Cold War Challenged Sino-African American Solidarity\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-04T12:57:41+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-04T13:45:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\"},\"wordCount\":1530,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/gambia\/sites\/19\/2022\/04\/img-624af64b7720d.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Gambia\",\"African\",\"American\",\"Gambia\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"homepage-english\",\"miscellaneous\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/how-the-cold-war-challenged-sino-african-american-solidarity\",\"name\":\"How the Cold War Challenged Sino-African American Solidarity - 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