{"id":39895,"date":"2023-07-31T18:37:30","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T18:37:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/uncategorized\/emojis-could-land-you-into-court-room-as-evidence"},"modified":"2023-07-31T18:45:30","modified_gmt":"2023-07-31T18:45:30","slug":"emojis-could-land-you-into-court-room-as-evidence","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/gambia\/all-news\/emojis-could-land-you-into-court-room-as-evidence","title":{"rendered":"Emojis\u00a0could land you into Court Room as evidence"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Gambia. <\/strong><\/span>In the coming years, emojis may play a significant role in cases of serious crimes like human trafficking, child grooming, sexual abuse, murder, and more. It will not be surprising when people begin to institute actions of breach of promise to marry, breach of contract, defamation, negligence, etcetera as a result of a wrong use of social medial emojies- it is so imminent.<\/b><\/p>\n

It appears the days when we use emojis to communicate for fun are a thing of the past as it could land you in the courtroom. The traditional ways and aids of interpretation of a contract documents are also no longer sacrosanct as the courts have started using emojis as aids to the interpretation of contract documents.<\/p>\n

Though, the courts in the Gambia, Ghana, and other African countries are yet to be tested in this digital era, emojis are becoming an issue in the courts in advanced countries in both civil and criminal cases. The recent decision of the Canadian court that a thumbs-up emoji (??) sent as a text message can be interpreted as consent to a contract, even though novel, seeks to unveil a new aid to the interpretation of contracts.<\/p>\n

In the same vein, an Israeli court has recently determined that an emoji can illustrate legal intent. It ordered damages to a landlord who claimed he replied to his detriment when he received a text with positive emojis and took down the ad for the property.<\/p>\n

Another in the US happened when a teenager was arrested for terror threats after posting a status showing emojis of guns pointing at a police officer (amongst other things) and a 12-year-old was charged with computer harassment and threatening school staff after posting two messages that included gun, bomb and knife emojis with messages that read \u201cKilling\u201d and \u201cmeet me in the library Tuesday\u201d.<\/p>\n

The work of Professor Goldman<\/b><\/p>\n

In the aspect of the law and emojis, Professor Eric Goldman, an expert emoji professor of law at Santa Clara University School of Law has done extensive legal work and reasoning in this area of the law.<\/p>\n

For instance, he explained that when issues arise in court that have to do with emojis, he examines the words, looks at the symbols included, and interprets them all together.<\/p>\n

Also, in a criminal situation where someone criticizes the police and says, \u201cI really hate the police,\u201d that alone would not be actionable. But if it started to sound like a threat against the police officers and then it was coupled with emojis like the gun emoji, the bomb emoji, and the knife emoji, those emojis will be interpreted in the context of your words to determine whether or not you had made a threat to commit violence. So when you add the gun knives and bomb emojis to your disparagement of the police, that could add legal consequences that the words themselves wouldn\u2019t have had.<\/p>\n

Another example could be that you\u2019re chatting with friends about a transaction. They might be offering to sell their car or TV set or some other item and they are suggesting whether or not you might be interested in buying it. If you give the emoji, the thumbs up saying that you\u2019re interested. That\u2019s a legally binding contract. You\u2019ve committed to purchase it by how you\u2019ve expressed your intent. The fact that it was done by an emoji versus saying yes or \u201cI agree to buying the product,\u201d or writing a signature on a piece of paper is immaterial. The symbol expressing your enthusiasm for the proposal can be enough to constitute a commitment that would be legally recognized.<\/p>\n

So the question is whether we should continue using emojis even though they have legal consequences. Absolutely, according to Prof. Goldman. Emojis are fun, but he warned that we should treat them as a legally binding obligation.<\/p>\n

Emojis statistics<\/b><\/p>\n

Emojipedia.org reports that as of September 2020, there were 3,664 emojis in the Unicode Standard. Additional colorful and detailed images are released every year. The latest emoji release is Emoji 15.0. The next expected release is Emoji 15.1, currently scheduled for September 2023.<\/p>\n

Prof. Goldman, studies also report that his caselaw tally shows 132 cases referencing emojis or emoticons in 2020, a 25% increase from 2019, which itself had seen a near doubling from 2018. Goldman says, \u201cThe most common emoji case involves sexual predation of children. Other common cases include murder, discrimination, and harassment.\u201d<\/p>\n

Emojis in the Courts: Lawyers, Judges argues over meaning<\/b><\/p>\n

Though the cases we examine were not decided in our jurisdiction, we explore the common law perspective as they have a persuasive effect in the absence of any authority. In other jurisdictions, lawyers are arguing the meanings of emojis, and judges examine their legal impact, but based on the case. Our first case for analysis is Jesse R. Enjaian V. Mark S. Schlissel[2015],<\/b> a University of Michigan student who sent a friend a text that said he wanted to make a classmate \u201cfeel crappy\u201d and experience \u201cdeep dark pits of depression.\u201d He claimed that his inclusion of the \u201claughing\u201d emoticon ? altered the text\u2019s meaning. The judge disagreed, ruling that the emoji \u201cdoes not materially alter the meaning of the text message.\u201d<\/p>\n

The second case is Elonis v. United States[2015],<\/b> where the U.S. Supreme Court, for instance, reversed Elonis\u2019s appeal due to the absence of intent to threaten and his right to freedom of speech. The Supreme Court reasoned that the placement of the one \u201ctongue sticking out\u201d emoji is not a threat.<\/p>\n

In this case, Elonis divorced his wife and posted a series of lyrics and statements online that could be perceived as threatening toward his ex-wife, local law enforcement, an FBI agent, a kindergarten class, and other entities. One of the statements considered as a possible threat included \u201cTell Riley he should dress up as Matricide for Halloween. I don\u2019t know what his costume would entail though. Maybe your head on a stick? :-P\u201d. Elonis was originally convicted on four of five counts of threats and was subsequently sentenced to 44 months in prison.<\/p>\n

Also, in an Israeli small claims court case, Dahan v. Shakaroff[2016],<\/b> a couple interested in an apartment sent the landlord a text that included the emojis of a smiley face, a comet, a champagne bottle, dancing Playboy bunnies, and a chipmunk. The court held that to be a valid acceptance on the part of the tenant.<\/p>\n

In a recent case of Burrows v Houda [2020] NSWDC 485,<\/b>proceedings were brought by Zali Burrows against Adam Houda concerning posts made on Twitter in July 2019 and May 2020 at the District Court of New South Wales. The court reasoned that the zipper-mouth emoji, by itself, could constitute a defamatory statement. Also in State v. DRC [2020],<\/b> emojis helped keep a teen out of jail. Also in Johnson v. State, 2020,<\/b> it was reasoned that a fire emoji didn\u2019t support an involuntary manslaughter prosecution.<\/p>\n

Challenges to users understanding of Emojis<\/b><\/p>\n

Emojis present several interpretive challenges as interpretations are context-dependent on multiple levels. Also, one of the biggest points of contention for emojis in court cases is that they render differently on varying platforms, depending on the type of phone you are using. Although the Unicode Consortium sets the standard for emojis, software makers, such as Apple and Google, then design versions for their platforms, opening up a path for inconsistencies and miscommunication. For instance, take the implementations of the \u201cdancer\u201d emoji: for Twitter and Apple, it\u2019s a female flamenco dancer. But for Google, it was, until recently, a John Travolta lookalike dancing disco style. And now it\u2019s a weird blobby thing. So if you\u2019re about to tell someone \u201cYou look gorgeous, like a ?\u201d, make sure they aren\u2019t reading it on a new Android phone.<\/p>\n

Also a study by Miller et al.(2016) from the University of Minnesota, participants rated popular emoji characters on Android and iOS as positive or negative. In the case of the emoji called \u201ca grinning face with smiling eyes,\u201d some people interpreted the image as \u201cblissfully happy\u201d on Android, while it looked like it was \u201cready to fight\u201d on iOS. Hence, no uniformity in their meaning by users.<\/p>\n

Another study by Hillberg et al.(2018) found about 25% of participants were unaware the emojis they posted on Twitter could appear differently based on their followers\u2019 devices. After being shown how one of their tweets was rendered across platforms, 20% said they would have edited or not sent the tweet.<\/p>\n

Interpretive Issues with Emojis<\/b><\/p>\n

We found that there is no standard test for interpreting emojis. For instance, the courts\u2019 understanding of emoji use is limited at best (see, for example, Warren v Peat [2017] FCCA 664 and R v Mella [2017] NSWDC 193<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Another is the Dahan case, the would-be renters and the landlord were introduced by a mutual friend, a type of social connection that may inspire more casual communications. Also, an emoji may mean one thing on Twitter, yet have an alternate meaning when it appears on Instagram.<\/p>\n

Emojis can also have metaphorical meanings, as do the \u201cfire\u201d ? and \u201clocked with key\u201d ? emojis. Interpretations can vary by culture, region, or community.<\/p>\n

In People v. Jamerson, 2019 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 940 (Cal. App. Ct. Feb. 6, 2019)<\/b>. The defendant is alleged to be a pimp. In this case, an expert witness detailed how a series of sent emojis, including a crown, high heels, and bags of money, provided evidence of prostitution, noting a crown often references a pimp in sex trafficking. This helps because the expert claims that the emojis have specific and non-intuitive meanings in the sex trafficking context that would not be clear to lay observers.<\/p>\n

Here, the court doesn\u2019t need to know about the possible alternative meanings of the crown emoji; the court needs to know what the crown emoji means in the context of this thread between a putative pimp and a putative sex trafficking victim. For this type of inquiry, a community expert helps more than a linguistic expert says, Prof. Goldman.<\/p>\n

In People v. Smith, 2019 Cal. App. Unpub. LEXIS 1691 (Cal. App. Ct. March 12, 2019)<\/b>. Prof. Goldman reasoned that: the court interprets the emojis. It\u2019s not that hard in context. \u201cRat\u201d is a well-known euphemism for someone who makes \u201cdisloyal\u201d information disclosures, and the gun emoji isn\u2019t subtle. Evaluating the emojis in this context doesn\u2019t require fancy judicial work. Instead, interpreting these emojis is part of a skill the court system has been refining for hundreds of years.<\/p>\n

In Ghanam v. Does(2014),<\/b> this is what the court says about emoticons: The third allegedly defamatory statement was posted by hatersrlosers in this thread and stated: \u201cThey are only getting more garbage trucks because Gus needs more tires to sell to get more money for his pockets :P\u201d<\/p>\n

This statement on its face cannot be taken seriously as asserting a fact. The use of the \u201c:P\u201d emoticon makes it patently clear that the commenter was making a joke. As noted earlier, a \u201c:P\u201d emoticon is used to represent a face with its tongue sticking out to denote a joke or sarcasm. Thus, a reasonable reader could not view the statement as defamatory.<\/p>\n

In U.S. v. Christensen(2013),<\/b> this is the court\u2019s entire discussion about emoticons: Christensen claims Neuhardt violated attorney-client privilege and the Sixth Amendment by offering, in an e-mail to the prosecutor accompanied by an emoticon, to \u201cstipulate that my client is guilty.:)\u201d No one took Neuhardt\u2019s frivolous e-mail as an actual stipulation. Neither element of the Strickland test is met. This claim is denied.<\/p>\n

In Re Nichol [2017] QSC 220<\/b> an unsent text message deemed to be a last will and testament included consideration of a smiley emoticon. The Court found this informality didn\u2019t prevent it from constituting a will.<\/p>\n

The absence of an emoji was raised in a claim before the Fair Work Commission for unfair dismissal by a baggage handler who included the statement \u201cWe all support ISIS\u201d in a Facebook post and claimed it was sarcastic (Singh v Aerocare Flight Support Pty Ltd [2016] FWC 6186<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Take Home<\/b><\/p>\n

Remember that emoticons are <\/b>a group of keyboard characters (such as :-)) that typically represents a facial expression or suggests an attitude or emotion and that is used especially in computerized communications (such as email). One the other hand, unlike emoticons, emoji are actual pictures, of everything from a set of painted nails (?) to a slightly whimsical ghost (?). Once they form part of communication tools, they are legally binding.<\/p>\n

Who Interprets Emojis? \u201cEmojis cannot be considered a universal language,\u201d if that is the case, we see how our lawyers and judges would argue and interpret emojis in our jurisdiction. The second issue to consider is that symbols vary by culture.<\/p>\n

For instance, the thumbs-up gesture has been up for debate as offensive or vulgar in the Middle East, while it\u2019s a sign of something good in other parts of the world. A smiley face emoji is taken as sarcasm in China. Neither court opinion displays the actual emojis at issue. We wait to see what happens in our jurisdiction.<\/p>\n

The authors are (BL) candidate at the Gambia Law School, Banjul.<\/p>\n

The legal article is for academic awareness only.<\/p>\n

Source: voice<\/b><\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Gambia<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Gambia. In the coming years, emojis may play a significant role in cases of serious crimes like human trafficking, child grooming, sexual abuse, murder, and more. 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