{"id":25462,"date":"2026-03-31T12:06:00","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T12:06:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/guinee-bissau\/politique\/le-fardier-precurseur-de-lautomobile"},"modified":"2026-04-19T13:45:19","modified_gmt":"2026-04-19T13:45:19","slug":"le-fardier-precurseur-de-lautomobile","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/guinee-bissau\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-fardier-precurseur-de-lautomobile","title":{"rendered":"Le Fardier, pr\u00e9curseur de l\u2019automobile"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"ap-article-header-tag\"> <strong>Africa-Press &#8211; Guinee Bissau. <\/strong> <\/span>Premie\u0300re automobile jamais construite, le Fardier a\u0300 vapeur tro\u0302ne au muse\u0301e des Arts et Me\u0301tiers, a\u0300 Paris. Une re\u0301plique de cet engin e\u0301tonnant est visible depuis cette anne\u0301e a\u0300 Void, dans la Meuse, ou\u0300 est ne\u0301 son inventeur, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, il y a tout juste 300 ans. Et c\u2019est cette copie, re\u0301alise\u0301e par la commune et des e\u0301tudiants de l\u2019e\u0301cole des Arts et Me\u0301tiers Paris Tech, qui a prouve\u0301 en 2010 que l\u2019engin de 1771 fonctionne !<\/p>\n<p>Le Fardier est en effet longtemps reste\u0301 dans l\u2019oubli. L\u2019ensemble passe pourtant difficilement inaperc\u0327u: un e\u0301pais cha\u0302ssis en bois avec trois roues et une volumineuse marmite en cuivre a\u0300 l\u2019avant, mesurant 7,25 me\u0300tres de long sur 2,19 me\u0300tres de large et pesant pas moins de 2,8 tonnes a\u0300 vide. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, inge\u0301nieur militaire, cherchait un moyen pour de\u0301placer les canons en se de\u0301barrassant de l\u2019entretien des chevaux \u2013 d\u2019ou\u0300 le nom de fardier, gros chariot destine\u0301 a\u0300 transporter de lourdes charges, des fardeaux.<\/p>\n<p>Concre\u0300tement, le \u00ab chariot a\u0300 feu \u00bb fonctionne a\u0300 la vapeur. On fait bouillir de l\u2019eau dans la marmite, la vapeur s\u2019e\u0301chappe par un tuyau situe\u0301 au-dessus de la cuve et actionne alternativement les deux gros cylindres en laiton de chaque co\u0302te\u0301. Ces cylindres, en descendant a\u0300 tour de ro\u0302le, entrai\u0302nent une chai\u0302ne qui tire sur une portion de roue. Un mode\u0300le re\u0301duit est construit avec le soutien du duc de Choiseul, ministre de Louis XV, qui veut de\u0301velopper l\u2019artillerie. En 1770, il roule un quart d\u2019heure a\u0300 4 km\/h, soit la vitesse des fantassins qui marchent au pas.<\/p>\n<p>Une machine trop lourde ne\u0301cessitant beaucoup d\u2019eau<\/p>\n<p>Pie\u0300tre performance? L\u2019innovation est re\u0301elle a\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301poque des chariots tire\u0301s par des chevaux ou des b\u0153ufs. Les premie\u0300res locomotives n\u2019apparai\u0302tront qu\u2019au de\u0301but du 19e sie\u0300cle en Angleterre. De plus, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot ne reprend pas l\u2019imposante machine a\u0300 balancier de l\u2019Anglais Thomas Newcomen, couramment utilise\u0301e. Il opte pour une machine a\u0300 haute pression moins encombrante. Il faut juste s\u2019arre\u0302ter pour remettre des bu\u0302ches dans le feu ; une re\u0301serve de bois est d\u2019ailleurs place\u0301e sous le plateau, dans un panier. Las, les de\u0301fauts restent nombreux.<\/p>\n<p>Le fardier, trop lourd, s\u2019embourbe rapidement, ne dispose pas d\u2019un syste\u0300me de freinage ade\u0301quat et ne\u0301cessite des pleins re\u0301guliers de&#8230; 500 litres d\u2019eau. L\u2019inge\u0301nieur aurait su\u0302rement pu ame\u0301liorer tout cela en testant le Fardier grandeur nature acheve\u0301 en 1771. Mais le duc de Choiseul quitte ses fonctions, il n\u2019y a plus d\u2019argent pour le transport du ve\u0301hicule, le bois et le salaire des ouvriers. Vient ensuite la Re\u0301volution franc\u0327aise, puis l\u2019inge\u0301nieur meurt le 7 octobre 1804 et son invention tombe dans l\u2019oubli. Jusqu\u2019a\u0300 ce qu\u2019une cinquantaine de personnes se relayent pour faire revivre la voiture a\u0300 vapeur qui pulve\u0301rise son record en 2010: 3 km en 45 minutes.<\/p>\n<p class=\"ap-article-footer-note\">Retrouvez plus d\u2019actualit\u00e9s et d\u2019analyses sur <span class=\"ap-highlight-country\">Guinee Bissau<\/span> sur le site <span class=\"ap-highlight-brand\">Africa Press<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa-Press &#8211; Guinee Bissau. Premie\u0300re automobile jamais construite, le Fardier a\u0300 vapeur tro\u0302ne au muse\u0301e des Arts et Me\u0301tiers, a\u0300 Paris. Une re\u0301plique de cet engin e\u0301tonnant est visible depuis cette anne\u0301e a\u0300 Void, dans la Meuse, ou\u0300 est ne\u0301 son inventeur, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, il y a tout juste 300 ans. Et c\u2019est cette copie, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":25461,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[50],"class_list":["post-25462","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-guinee-bissau"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Le Fardier, pr\u00e9curseur de l\u2019automobile - Guin\u00e9e Bissau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"-article-header-tag&quot;&gt; Africa-Press - Guinee Bissau. 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