{"id":13277,"date":"2022-04-21T09:12:24","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T09:12:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift"},"modified":"2022-04-21T10:42:55","modified_gmt":"2022-04-21T10:42:55","slug":"artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift","title":{"rendered":"Artificial intelligence: Poisoned gift?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Lesotho. <\/strong><\/span>The mention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Budget 2018 has kindled expectation that there will be some major developments in this sector which will benefit the country\u2019s economic prospects, since that is what measures in the Budget are aimed at.<\/p>\n

Of course, we are already using AI-enhanced devices, such as the smartphone (touch\/voice recognition), the computer (search engines, spam filtering), surveillance systems and so on.<\/p>\n

Like with many things we do, essentially we will be end-users of AI applications and devices, given our country\u2019s size and capacity: the advances and innovations in the field will emanate from specialized centres researching all aspects of AI.<\/p>\n

\u201cStarting in 1994, when the first web search engines were launched, there have been several developments: among others, IBM\u2019s Deep Blue beat world champion Gary Kasparov at chess; Amazon replaced human product editors with an automated system; Google launches translate; Apple released Siri, the voice operated personal assistant that can \u2018call home\u2019 for you; IBM\u2019s supercomputer Watson beat two human champions at TV quiz game \u2018Jeopardy\u2019; Google\u2019s driverless car navigated traffic and its AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, one of the world\u2019s leading Go players\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

AI entered its present phase of \u2018heightened optimism and investment\u2019 in the mid-1990s, after going through two spells of what has been termed \u2018AI winter\u2019, starting in 1973 and 1987 respectively, when there was a withdrawal of public funding as progress stalled, according to an article, \u2018Intelligence Reinvented\u2019 that was published in an issue of the magazine New Scientist\u2019s \u2018The Collection\u2019 (Vol Four\/Issue Three) that covered \u2018Essential Knowledge\u2019, being \u2018everything you need to know to make sense of the 21st century\u2019, and is the source of information for what follows.<\/p>\n

Progress since has been so rapid that it has not only overwhelmed the most optimistic, raising concern about erosion of privacy and autonomy \u2013 such as electronic ID cards which can tempt States to play Orwellian Big Brother \u2013, but it has even given rise to apprehensions of an existential nature amongst high profile scientists.<\/p>\n

In fact, no less a luminary than world-renowned theoretical physicist late Stephen Hawking was worried that somebody will create AI that will keep improving itself until it\u2019s eventually superior to people \u2013 and replace humans altogether! He thought that this capacity of self-improvement will make AI become \u2018a new form of life\u2019.<\/p>\n

He had expressed fears that AI could grow so powerful it might end up killing humans unintentionally, and he \u2018called for technology to be controlled in order to prevent it from destroying the human race, and said humans need to find a way to identify potential threats quickly, before they have a chance to escalate and endanger civilisation\u2019.<\/p>\n

This scenario falls into the category of what another great, late French geneticist Albert Jacquard, had referred to as \u2018les effect pervers de la science\u2019 \u2013 the unintended negative fallouts of science.<\/p>\n

But what are we to do? We cannot stop scientists from venturing into the future along paths unknown. We have to be aware that there will be opportunities, but there will also be risks, all of which cannot be foreseen.<\/p>\n

As the article in The Collection underlines, \u2018Modern artificial intelligence is a brilliant and powerful technology, but also a fundamentally disruptive one\u2019.<\/p>\n

Perhaps even the group of futurists who gathered at Dartmouth College, in Hanover, New Hampshire (USA) in the summer of 1956 had never imagined that Artificial Intelligence, a term that they coined, could pose a threat to humankind.<\/p>\n

Their view, as stated in their funding application, was that \u2018every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it\u2019.<\/p>\n

And their ambition was \u2018to make machines use language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves\u2019.<\/p>\n

After nearly sixty years, and these two AI winters, has this ambition been fulfilled? If we go by some epochal events that have taken place in the 1990s, it would seem that the answer is in the affirmative.<\/p>\n

Starting in 1994, when the first web search engines were launched, there have been several developments: among others, IBM\u2019s Deep Blue beat world champion Gary Kasparov at chess; Amazon replaced human product editors with an automated system; Google launches translate; Apple released Siri, the voice operated personal assistant that can \u2018call home\u2019 for you; IBM\u2019s supercomputer Watson beat two human champions at TV quiz game \u2018Jeopardy\u2019; Google\u2019s driverless car navigated traffic and its AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, one of the world\u2019s leading Go players.<\/p>\n

Any wonder that all this had Stephen Hawking worried? Of the \u2018wish list\u2019 the one thing that may escape us is whether an AI machine can ever \u2018form abstractions and concepts\u2019; so far, in spite of the fact that AI machines have shown evidence of \u2018learning\u2019 \u2013 that is an adaptive behaviour that is akin to human intelligence \u2013 as yet the \u2018agent has no internal representation of why it does what it does\u2019, what has been referred to as \u2018the unreasonable effectiveness of data\u2019.<\/p>\n

In other words, though we may feel as if the AI machine is intelligent in the human sense, as a matter of fact it is an automaton \u2013 even when it is self-improving. After all, it is fed with data which we humans choose to enter into it, and cannot generate date of its own.<\/p>\n

Its \u2018self-learning\u2019 takes place by statistical manipulations of data in an unprogrammed manner, and that is where the risk lies that the output may be something unexpected and potentially risky.<\/p>\n

That is the \u2018unknown unknown\u2019 that poses the existential threat feared by Stephen Hawking, and all we can say at this stage is that we have been forewarned and have to be on the lookout \u2013 although we do not know how, and what to expect!<\/p>\n

As the article points out, the challenges of AI include: surveillance (knowing our location, discrimination, browsing history, social networks); unintended discrimination (insurance, policing); persuasion (nudging people to follow specific links for products etc); unemployment (as the machine replaces humans by doing certain jobs more effectively); and addiction \u2013 don\u2019t we know!<\/p>\n

No doubt there are enormous benefits \u2013 in communications, healthcare, transportation, schooling to name a few that are already within our experience, but given the potential risks, perhaps we ought to \u2018tread carefully\u2019, is the advice given.<\/p>\n

In the last century, Jacob Bronowski wrote a book called \u2018Is man a machine?\u2019 Yes and no. Yes because his bodily mechanisms function according to the laws of physics and chemistry. No because a machine \u2013 not even an AI machine \u2013 cannot make a man, but a man can make a machine. I hope I am wrong, though\u2026<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Lesotho<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Lesotho. The mention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Budget 2018 has kindled expectation that there will be some major developments in this sector which will benefit the country\u2019s economic prospects, since that is what measures in the Budget are aimed at. Of course, we are already using AI-enhanced devices, such as the smartphone […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":13276,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8,9,16],"tags":[233,246,1778,245],"class_list":["post-13277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-homepage-english","category-miscellaneous","category-twitter","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-lesotho","tag-artificial","tag-lesotho"],"yoast_head":"\nArtificial intelligence: Poisoned gift? - Lesotho<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The mention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Budget 2018 has kindled expectation that there will be some major develop ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Artificial intelligence: Poisoned gift?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The mention of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Budget 2018 has kindled expectation that there will be some major develop ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Lesotho\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AfricaPressTunisiaa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-04-21T09:12:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-04-21T10:42:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/sites\/62\/2022\/04\/img-62613506988cf.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"667\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"Artificial intelligence: Poisoned gift?\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-04-21T09:12:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-04-21T10:42:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\"},\"wordCount\":1134,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/sites\/62\/2022\/04\/img-62613506988cf.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Lesotho\",\"Artificial\",\"Lesotho\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"homepage-english\",\"miscellaneous\",\"twitter\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/lesotho\/all-news\/artificial-intelligence-poisoned-gift\",\"name\":\"Artificial intelligence: Poisoned gift? 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