{"id":42239,"date":"2023-08-19T16:05:58","date_gmt":"2023-08-19T16:05:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/liberia\/all-news\/liberia-liberia-has-suffered-20-years-of-negative-peace-its-time-for-change"},"modified":"2023-08-19T16:05:58","modified_gmt":"2023-08-19T16:05:58","slug":"liberia-liberia-has-suffered-20-years-of-negative-peace-its-time-for-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/liberia\/all-news\/liberia-liberia-has-suffered-20-years-of-negative-peace-its-time-for-change","title":{"rendered":"Liberia: Liberia Has Suffered 20 Years of \u2018Negative Peace\u2019. It\u2019s Time for Change"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Liberia. <\/strong><\/span>On a typical weekday at St Peter\u2019s Lutheran Church in Monrovia, children can be seen scoring three-pointers at the basketball court while adults crank up their engines on an adjacent parking lot. Yet, beneath the thick slab of asphalt on the church\u2019s one-acre compound lie mass graves flanked by two large memorial stars painted in white.<\/p>\n

On July 29 and 30, 1990 \u2013 as Liberia\u2019s first war was raging \u2013 about 600 men, women and children were massacred in and around the perimeters of St Peter\u2019s. Today their families and massacre survivors are embroiled in a battle of wills with the church over whether the erection of a basketball court and parking lot on mass graves demeans the victims buried there. The Lutheran Church Massacre Survivors Association (LUMASA) has also advocated for exhuming the remains and reburying them in a more dignified location.<\/p>\n

As Liberia marks two decades since the end of its second war, which combined with the first took the lives of more than 250,000 people, the St Peter\u2019s Church reckoning over memorialisation reflects the unfinished business of post-war stability and the country\u2019s struggles with collective amnesia.<\/p>\n

Since the conflicts ended on August 18, 2003, Liberia has only seen what the late peace studies pioneer Johan Galtung called \u201cnegative peace\u201d – the absence of direct physical violence characterised by fears of relapse into warfare. Its transition from war to peace remains incomplete because its norms, rules and regulations continue to fuel inequality and injustice.<\/p>\n

What Liberia should strive for is \u201cpositive peace\u201d, which involves building values, customs and institutions that create and sustain peaceful societies.<\/p>\n

Our country has beaten insurmountable odds to maintain stability. It has defeated two epidemics, successfully overseen the withdrawal of a massive UN peacekeeping mission, and experienced the first democratic transfer of power from one president to another since 1944. Yet, the hallmarks of \u201cnegative peace\u201d endure.<\/p>\n

Structural violence persists in the guise of economic mismanagement, lawlessness, resource extraction without value addition, rampant corruption, crumbling infrastructure, and deteriorating education and health outcomes.<\/p>\n

Perhaps the most extreme example of Liberia\u2019s \u201cnegative peace\u201d is the politicisation of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which was created in 2005, and the lack of traction to bring those who bear the greatest responsibility for the wars to justice.<\/p>\n

Unlike South Africa\u2019s solely restorative TRC framework, Liberia\u2019s approach comprised both restorative and retributive measures aimed at tackling the root causes of the conflicts. The TRC\u2019s work ended in 2009 with the release of its final report endorsing actions that national authorities should undertake to ensure accountability.<\/p>\n

One of its flagship recommendations was the establishment of an extraordinary criminal court for over 100 individuals allegedly involved in gross human rights violations, violations of international humanitarian law and war crimes.<\/p>\n

The TRC also proposed lustration in the form of barring from public office those it recommended for prosecution; the seizure of individual and corporate assets acquired by means of economic pillage during the wars; and reparations for designated survivors administered through a Reparations Trust Fund.<\/p>\n

Although most Liberians at home and abroad hailed these recommendations, with some activists mounting domestic and international support for the establishment of a war and economic crimes court in Liberia, successive Liberian governments refused to carry them out. Thus, the root causes of the wars presented in the TRC\u2019s final report – inequalities of access and opportunity, poor governance, damaged intergroup relations and a weak judiciary – have remain unaddressed.<\/p>\n

In the past two decades, impunity has reigned supreme with alleged war-era criminals engaged in political intimidation, threats of renewed violence and doling-out the spoils of war. Some have reinvented themselves as millionaires-cum-moguls, philanthropists, political kingmakers, ethno-nationalists or reformed evangelists, manipulating and distorting violent wartime memories for the purpose of evading accountability.<\/p>\n

A case in point is a resolution to establish a Transitional Justice Commission (TJC), proposed by the Liberian Senate in 2021 but rejected by the House of Representatives. It was perceived as elite manoeuvring to formally audit the work of the TRC and declare its reports and recommendations illegal.<\/p>\n

Prosecuting alleged Liberian war criminals abroad through universal jurisdiction has also been challenging. <\/b>A mere three convictions have been handed down in American and European courts, with the most recent ruling in Switzerland sentencing a notorious rebel commander to 20 years in jail.<\/p>\n

The lack of accountability and other hallmarks of \u201cnegative peace\u201d have permeated Liberia and are often reflected in its politics. A recent incident involving supporters of President George Weah (no relation to author Aaron Weah) carting a casket in Monrovia with the photo of Joseph Boakai, the main opposition candidate, is a good illustration.<\/p>\n

Taking place just two months before the fourth post-war elections scheduled for October, this provocative spectacle not only evoked war-time grief and political violence but also violated the tenets of the \u201cFarmington River Declaration\u201d on upholding peaceful polls signed by all presidential candidates.<\/p>\n

The ruling party\u2019s reticence to condemn the casket display, despite public outrage, reflects Liberia\u2019s political reality in which the spectre of violence persists. A subsequently brutal confrontation between supporters of the two leading presidential candidates signals looming electoral aggression.<\/p>\n

So, how can the country achieve \u201cpositive peace\u201d amid <\/b>political <\/b>hostilities <\/b>at home and military coups in the region?<\/p>\n

The first step in this process is to build public trust among citizens, civil society actors, grassroots communities and political elites.<\/p>\n

To deepen public trust, Liberians must also forge a new consensus on the relevance of the TRC\u2019s final report and criminal accountability as an essential ingredient in attaining \u201cpositive peace\u201d. This consensus must foreground the dangers of forgetting the wars and the history that preceded them, especially for Liberia\u2019s post-2003 generation who comprise 70 percent of the population.<\/p>\n

It is our hope that renewed trust will motivate Liberians to pursue accountability while taking measures to combat structural violence.<\/p>\n

We see \u201cpositive peace\u201d as both the duty to remember and the responsibility to guarantee justice for survivors and victims of the massacres at St Peter\u2019s Lutheran Church and beyond. But there can be no \u201cpositive peace\u201d in Liberia without justice.<\/p>\n

*This commentary was originally published on 17 August 2023 in Al Jazeera English.<\/p>\n

Robtel Neajai Pailey is a Liberian academic, activist and author of Development, (Dual) Citizenship and Its Discontents in Africa. Aaron Weah is a Liberian PhD candidate at Ulster University\u2019s Transitional Justice Institute and co-author of Impunity under Attack: Evolutions and Imperatives of the Liberian Truth Commission.<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Liberia<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Liberia. On a typical weekday at St Peter\u2019s Lutheran Church in Monrovia, children can be seen scoring three-pointers at the basketball court while adults crank up their engines on an adjacent parking lot. Yet, beneath the thick slab of asphalt on the church\u2019s one-acre compound lie mass graves flanked by two large memorial […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":42237,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,3],"tags":[233,237,234],"class_list":["post-42239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-community","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-liberia","tag-liberia"],"yoast_head":"\nLiberia: Liberia Has Suffered 20 Years of \u2018Negative Peace\u2019. 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