{"id":19855,"date":"2023-10-05T20:48:35","date_gmt":"2023-10-05T20:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/politique\/les-super-eclairs-revelent-le-secret-de-leur-formation"},"modified":"2023-10-05T22:02:25","modified_gmt":"2023-10-05T22:02:25","slug":"les-super-eclairs-revelent-le-secret-de-leur-formation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/toutes-les-actualites\/les-super-eclairs-revelent-le-secret-de-leur-formation","title":{"rendered":"Les super-\u00e9clairs r\u00e9v\u00e8lent le secret de leur formation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Africa-Press &#8211; Madagascar. <\/strong><\/span>Mais lorsqu\u2019ils frappent, ils de\u0301ploient une e\u0301nergie phe\u0301nome\u0301nale, supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 106 joules. Une e\u0301tude publie\u0301e le 19 septembre 2023 dans la revue Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres fournit pour la premie\u0300re fois une explication ge\u0301ne\u0301rale sur la formation et la distribution de ces e\u0301clairs redoutables.<\/p>\n<p><b>Un nuage qui doit chevaucher les bonnes tempe\u0301ratures<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ces perturbations ont de\u0301ja\u0300 fait l\u2019objet de plusieurs e\u0301tudes, mais celles-ci fournissaient a\u0300 chaque fois des explications limite\u0301es a\u0300 une seule localisation alors que ces e\u0301clairs se retrouvent partout sur la plane\u0300te. Pour pre\u0301senter une justification unique, les chercheurs issus de l\u2019Universite\u0301 de Je\u0301rusalem et de l\u2019Universite\u0301 de Washington ont du\u0302 analyser plusieurs informations : le moment, le lieu et l\u2019e\u0301nergie de\u0301gage\u0301e lors de plusieurs super-e\u0301clairs. Pour cela, ils ont croise\u0301 des donne\u0301es obtenues aupre\u0300s de de\u0301tecteurs d\u2019e\u0301clairs avec d\u2019autres lie\u0301es notamment a\u0300 la me\u0301te\u0301o. A partir de ces informations, ils ont ensuite de\u0301termine\u0301 les conditions ne\u0301cessaires a\u0300 l\u2019apparition de ces perturbations exceptionnelles.<\/p>\n<p><b>Une distance tre\u0300s importante<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Les nuages orageux atteignent ge\u0301ne\u0301ralement entre 12 et 18 kilome\u0300tres de hauteur, une distance qui couvre des tempe\u0301ratures variables car la tempe\u0301rature diminue avec l\u2019altitude. La surface qui se\u0301pare les couches d\u2019air basses, dont la tempe\u0301rature est supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 0\u00b0C, des autres plus hautes et plus froides, est appele\u0301e isotherme du 0\u00b0C. Pour qu\u2019un e\u0301clair se forme, un nuage doit \u201cenjamber\u201d cette limite. La partie supe\u0301rieure du nuage devient alors une \u201czone de charge\u201d ou\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301lectrification se produit.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"643\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-19852 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527043.372564.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527043.372564.jpg 453w, https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527043.372564-211x300.jpg 211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Selon ces nouveaux travaux, cette altitude serait d\u2019une importance capitale dans la formation des super-e\u0301clairs. En effet, les chercheurs pensent que leur gene\u0300se de\u0301pend de la distance entre la zone de charge et la surface terrestre, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse d\u2019eau ou de terre ferme. Une faible distance favoriserait ainsi l\u2019apparition de super-e\u0301clairs.<\/p>\n<p>Ces derniers peuvent frapper partout sur la plane\u0300te. Cependant, l\u2019Oce\u0301an Atlantique Nord-Est, la mer Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e et l\u2019Altiplano, un plateau au Pe\u0301rou et en Bolivie, en he\u0301bergent le plus grand nombre. Et ils ont tous un point commun : la faible distance entre la zone de charge de leurs nuages orageux et la surface terrestre (environ moins de 3000 me\u0300tres pour l\u2019Oce\u0301an Atlantique et la mer Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e). De quoi conforter les chercheurs dans leur the\u0301orie.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"453\" height=\"248\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-19853 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527062.882831.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527062.882831.jpg 453w, https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/madagascar\/sites\/56\/2023\/10\/sm_1696527062.882831-300x164.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Distribution globale des super-e\u0301clairs entre 2010 et 2018, avec les trois zones principales encadre\u0301es. Les points rouges indiquent les e\u0301clairs les plus e\u0301nerge\u0301tiques. Cre\u0301dits : Efraim et al (2023), adapted from Holzworth et al. (2019)<\/p>\n<p>Pourquoi cette distance est-elle importante pour la formation de ces perturbations ? \u201cOn suppose qu\u2019une distance plus courte entre la zone de charge et la surface repre\u0301sente moins de re\u0301sistance e\u0301lectrique, ce qui permet des courants de de\u0301charge plus forts\u201d, expliquent les scientifiques.<\/p>\n<p><b>Un phe\u0301nome\u0300ne pas encore totalement compris<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Ce re\u0301sultat n\u2019est qu\u2019une premie\u0300re e\u0301tape dans la compre\u0301hension de la formation des super-e\u0301clairs. A cause de la hausse des tempe\u0301ratures, l\u2019isotherme du 0\u00b0C pourrait se situer de plus en plus haut, augmentant alors la distance entre la surface et la zone de charge. La communaute\u0301 scientifique devra donc par exemple e\u0301valuer si le changement climatique va re\u0301duire leur nombre. Les auteurs de cette e\u0301tude s\u2019inte\u0301ressent quant a\u0300 eux de\u0301ja\u0300 aux potentiels effets des cycles solaires et du champ magne\u0301tique sur leur formation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations et d&rsquo;analyses sur la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/madagascar\">Madagascar<\/a>, suivez <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/\">Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa-Press &#8211; Madagascar. Mais lorsqu\u2019ils frappent, ils de\u0301ploient une e\u0301nergie phe\u0301nome\u0301nale, supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 106 joules. Une e\u0301tude publie\u0301e le 19 septembre 2023 dans la revue Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres fournit pour la premie\u0300re fois une explication ge\u0301ne\u0301rale sur la formation et la distribution de ces e\u0301clairs redoutables. Un nuage qui doit chevaucher les [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":19854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,50,49],"class_list":["post-19855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-madagascar","tag-madagascar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les super-\u00e9clairs r\u00e9v\u00e8lent le secret de leur formation - Madagascar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mais lorsqu\u2019ils frappent, ils de\u0301ploient une e\u0301nergie phe\u0301nome\u0301nale, supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 106 joules. 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