Africa-Press – Madagascar. <\/strong> <\/span>Le de\u0301troit d\u2019Ormuz semble tre\u0300s loin des marche\u0301s de Dakar, d\u2019Abidjan ou de Cotonou. Pourtant, ce passage maritime e\u0301troit situe\u0301 entre l\u2019Iran et Oman influence directement le cou\u0302t de la vie en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Lorsqu\u2019une tension militaire y e\u0301clate, ce ne sont pas seulement les marche\u0301s pe\u0301troliers qui re\u0301agissent. Le transport, l\u2019agriculture, les prix alimentaires et parfois me\u0302me les finances publiques en subissent rapidement les conse\u0301quences.<\/p>\nCe de\u0301troit concentre une part essentielle du commerce e\u0301nerge\u0301tique mondial. Selon l\u2019Agence ame\u0301ricaine d\u2019information sur l\u2019e\u0301nergie, pre\u0300s de 20 % du pe\u0301trole consomme\u0301 dans le monde y transite chaque jour, soit environ 20 millions de barils quotidiens. Une perturbation, me\u0302me temporaire, suffit a\u0300 provoquer une hausse imme\u0301diate des prix internationaux du brut.<\/p>\n
Or les e\u0301conomies ouest-africaines restent fortement expose\u0301es a\u0300 cette de\u0301pendance e\u0301nerge\u0301tique. Me\u0302me certains pays producteurs de pe\u0301trole importent encore une partie importante de leurs carburants raffine\u0301s. Le Se\u0301ne\u0301gal, par exemple, de\u0301pend largement des importations pour l\u2019approvisionnement en carburants, en gaz butane et pour plusieurs intrants e\u0301nerge\u0301tiques utilise\u0301s dans l\u2019industrie.<\/p>\n
Lorsque le baril monte, l\u2019effet ne s\u2019arre\u0302te pas a\u0300 la station-service. Le transport routier devient plus cou\u0302teux, les prix du fret maritime augmentent et l\u2019ensemble de la chai\u0302ne logistique se tend. Le commerc\u0327ant paie plus cher pour acheminer ses marchandises, l\u2019agriculteur supporte un cou\u0302t plus e\u0301leve\u0301 pour le transport et l\u2019irrigation, et le consommateur retrouve cette hausse sur les e\u0301tals.<\/p>\n
La guerre en Ukraine a de\u0301ja\u0300 montre\u0301 ce me\u0301canisme. Entre de\u0301but 2022 et l\u2019e\u0301te\u0301 de la me\u0302me anne\u0301e, le Brent a de\u0301passe\u0301 les 120 dollars le baril, contre environ 70 a\u0300 80 dollars auparavant. Dans plusieurs pays de l\u2019UEMOA, les prix alimentaires ont fortement progresse\u0301 alors me\u0302me que le choc initial venait de l\u2019e\u0301nergie et des marche\u0301s internationaux.<\/p>\n
Les engrais constituent un autre canal souvent moins visible. Leur production de\u0301pend fortement du gaz naturel, dont une part importante provient e\u0301galement de cette re\u0301gion du monde. Une hausse du gaz renche\u0301rit les engrais azote\u0301s, ce qui augmente les cou\u0302ts agricoles. Le producteur de riz, de mai\u0308s ou de le\u0301gumes subit alors un choc bien avant que le consommateur final ne le perc\u0327oive.<\/p>\n
En 2022, le prix mondial de certains engrais avait parfois double\u0301, provoquant une forte pression sur les cou\u0302ts agricoles en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Pour des e\u0301conomies ou\u0300 l\u2019alimentation pe\u0300se lourd dans le budget des me\u0301nages, l\u2019impact devient rapidement social autant qu\u2019e\u0301conomique.<\/p>\n
Les E\u0301tats eux-me\u0302mes sont concerne\u0301s. Lorsque les prix internationaux de l\u2019e\u0301nergie flambent, les gouvernements doivent choisir entre laisser les prix augmenter ou subventionner davantage les carburants et l\u2019e\u0301lectricite\u0301. Dans les deux cas, la facture devient lourde. Soit le pouvoir d\u2019achat recule, soit les finances publiques se de\u0301gradent.<\/p>\n
Le de\u0301troit d\u2019Ormuz agit donc comme un point de pression mondial. Une tension navale, une menace sur la circulation maritime ou une escalade diplomatique peuvent produire des effets tre\u0300s concrets a\u0300 plusieurs milliers de kilome\u0300tres, jusque dans le prix du transport urbain ou du sac de riz.<\/p>\n
La ge\u0301opolitique parai\u0302t parfois abstraite. Pourtant, elle finit souvent par se mesurer dans quelque chose de tre\u0300s simple, le montant des courses a\u0300 la fin du mois.<\/p>\n
Source: Seneweb<\/b><\/p>\n
Retrouvez plus d\u2019actualit\u00e9s et d\u2019analyses sur Madagascar<\/span> sur le site Africa Press<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Aicha FALL Africa-Press – Madagascar. Le de\u0301troit d\u2019Ormuz semble tre\u0300s loin des marche\u0301s de Dakar, d\u2019Abidjan ou de Cotonou. Pourtant, ce passage maritime e\u0301troit situe\u0301 entre l\u2019Iran et Oman influence directement le cou\u0302t de la vie en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest. Lorsqu\u2019une tension militaire y e\u0301clate, ce ne sont pas seulement les marche\u0301s pe\u0301troliers qui re\u0301agissent. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":42480,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,10],"tags":[49],"class_list":["post-42481","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dossiers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-madagascar"],"yoast_head":"\n
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