{"id":46517,"date":"2024-06-15T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-15T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mali\/politique\/levolution-a-fourni-une-invention-geniale-aux-oiseaux-pour-quils-puissent-planer"},"modified":"2024-06-16T02:28:02","modified_gmt":"2024-06-16T02:28:02","slug":"levolution-a-fourni-une-invention-geniale-aux-oiseaux-pour-quils-puissent-planer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mali\/divers\/levolution-a-fourni-une-invention-geniale-aux-oiseaux-pour-quils-puissent-planer","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9volution a fourni une invention g\u00e9niale aux oiseaux pour qu\u2019ils puissent planer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Africa-Press &#8211; Mali. <\/strong><\/span>Aigles, faucons, albatros, vautours: tous pratiquent le vol plane\u0301. L\u2019oiseau, ailes largement e\u0301carte\u0301es, semble surfer sur les courants thermiques qui l\u2019environnent avec une maestria qui fascine les ornithologues depuis des sie\u0300cles.<\/p>\n<p>Quels sont les secrets de cette technique redoutable permettant aux grands oiseaux de parcourir de larges distances sans battre des ailes ? L\u2019un d\u2019entre eux semble avoir e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301busque\u0301 gra\u0302ce aux travaux d\u2019une e\u0301quipe ame\u0301ricaine de l\u2019universite\u0301 de Floride qui publie ses re\u0301sultats dans la revue Nature. Et il se nichait dans les poumons des oiseaux !<\/p>\n<p><b>Pourquoi le vol plane\u0301 est avantageux<\/b><\/p>\n<p>On savait que si les grandes espe\u0300ces de volatiles battent moins souvent des ailes que les petites, c\u2019est que leur ae\u0301rodynamisme le leur permet. Le rapport portance\/traine\u0301e est en effet bien meilleur et leur e\u0301vite le de\u0301crochage. En clair, leur distance parcourue a\u0300 l\u2019horizontale est supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 celle perdue a\u0300 la verticale. Ce qui n\u2019empe\u0302che pas les grands oiseaux planeurs d\u2019e\u0302tre contraints de battre quelquefois des ailes, notamment pour reprendre de l\u2019altitude.<\/p>\n<p>Ou tout simplement pour de\u0301coller. Une phase qui peut toutefois s\u2019ave\u0301rer laborieuse puisqu\u2019elle ne\u0301cessite que l\u2019oiseau coure sur une longue distance afin d\u2019acque\u0301rir la vitesse suffisante pour soulever sa lourde et large stature et permettre son envol. Nos lecteurs se souviennent ainsi peut-e\u0302tre des de\u0301collages maladroits et drolatiques de l\u2019albatros Orville dans le dessin anime\u0301 Disney Bernard et Bianca, pas si e\u0301loigne\u0301s de la re\u0301alite\u0301. Ainsi que de ses atterrissages tout aussi erratiques, cette proce\u0301dure n\u2019e\u0301tant pas moins proble\u0301matique pour les grandes espe\u0300ces puisqu\u2019elle ne\u0301cessite que l\u2019animal re\u0301duise sa vitesse au maximum, a\u0300 la limite du de\u0301crochage.<\/p>\n<p>Quoi qu\u2019il en soit, si les grands oiseaux battent aussi peu des ailes, c\u2019est essentiellement parce que le vol battu consomme e\u0301norme\u0301ment d\u2019e\u0301nergie, et ce d\u2019autant plus que l\u2019oiseau est imposant. Le vol plane\u0301 sur ce point est bien plus e\u0301conome. Toutefois, il demande tout de me\u0302me de disposer d\u2019une re\u0301serve e\u0301nerge\u0301tique suffisante pour maintenir les ailes e\u0301tendues et lutter contre les vents.<\/p>\n<p><b>Des sacs alve\u0301olaires pre\u0301sents chez tous les oiseaux planeurs<\/b><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019e\u0301quipe de chercheurs ame\u0301ricains s\u2019est penche\u0301e sur l\u2019anatomie de faucons, examinant minutieusement des renflements pre\u0301sents entre les pectoraux, les muscles leur permettant de battre des ailes. Curieusement, les chercheurs ont montre\u0301 que si ces deux sacs alve\u0301olaires, l\u2019un a\u0300 droite, l\u2019autre a\u0300 gauche, sont capables de se gonfler et de se de\u0301gonfler, ils ne jouent pas de ro\u0302le dans la respiration de l\u2019animal.<\/p>\n<p>De plus, l\u2019analyse de donne\u0301es anatomiques disponibles sur 68 espe\u0300ces d\u2019oiseaux leur ont re\u0301ve\u0301le\u0301 que ces diverticules sous-pectoraux nomme\u0301s SPD (\u201csubpectoral diverticulum\u201d) e\u0301taient pre\u0301sents chez toutes les espe\u0300ces d\u2019oiseaux planeurs et absents chez ceux qui ne l\u2019e\u0301taient pas et qu\u2019ils ont e\u0301volue\u0301 inde\u0301pendamment au moins a\u0300 sept reprises, signe de leur importance.<\/p>\n<p>De toutes leurs donne\u0301es, les chercheurs en concluent que les SPD doivent servir a\u0300 maintenir tendues les ailes des grands oiseaux. Un mode\u0300le informatique conc\u0327u avec des colle\u0300gues britanniques de l\u2019universite\u0301 de Liverpool semble leur donner raison. Lorsque ces petits sacs alve\u0301olaires se gonflent, ils font office de bras de levier puissants qui maintiennent les muscles pectoraux contracte\u0301s et bloquent les ailes en position horizontale.<\/p>\n<p>La preuve que les poumons, loin d\u2019e\u0302tre de\u0301die\u0301s a\u0300 la seule fonction respiratoire, peuvent avoir bien des ro\u0302les. Et les chercheurs de se demander si ces organes pourraient e\u0302tre implique\u0301s dans d\u2019autres me\u0301canismes pour l\u2019instant inconnus et qui ne demandent qu\u2019a\u0300 e\u0302tre de\u0301couverts.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations et d&rsquo;analyses sur la Mali, suivez Africa-Press<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa-Press &#8211; Mali. Aigles, faucons, albatros, vautours: tous pratiquent le vol plane\u0301. L\u2019oiseau, ailes largement e\u0301carte\u0301es, semble surfer sur les courants thermiques qui l\u2019environnent avec une maestria qui fascine les ornithologues depuis des sie\u0300cles. Quels sont les secrets de cette technique redoutable permettant aux grands oiseaux de parcourir de larges distances sans battre des ailes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":46516,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,17],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-46517","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-mali"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019\u00e9volution a fourni une invention g\u00e9niale aux oiseaux pour qu\u2019ils puissent planer - Mali<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aigles, faucons, albatros, vautours: tous pratiquent le vol plane\u0301. 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