{"id":17762,"date":"2022-07-08T06:57:54","date_gmt":"2022-07-08T06:57:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mauritius\/?p=17762"},"modified":"2022-07-08T06:35:55","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T06:35:55","slug":"mauritius-micro-politics-everybody-needs-good-neighbours","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mauritius\/all-news\/mauritius-micro-politics-everybody-needs-good-neighbours","title":{"rendered":"Mauritius\u2019 micro-politics: Everybody needs good neighbours"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Africa-Press &#8211; Mauritius. <\/strong><\/span>Politics in Mauritius is perhaps unique in the world. On this tiny speck in the Indian Ocean, there is no indigenous population. Everyone in this hugely diverse population of 1.2 million people descends from migrants whether from Africa, Asia or Europe.<br \/>\nHow are elections fought and won in a country like this? On 7 November, Mauritians will provide the answer in hotly-contested national elections. Incumbent Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth of the ruling Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) will be vying to stay in power, having been promoted from Finance Minister to top office in January 2017 by his outgoing father and predecessor.<br \/>\nFormer Prime Ministers Navin Ramgoolam of the Labour party and Paul B\u00e9renger of the Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) will be trying to replace him. At stake are a range of issues \u2013 such as care for the elderly, debt, economic growth, infrastructure and tourism \u2013 and candidates have been out campaigning on competing platforms.<br \/>\nThe country is covered in brightly coloured bunting: orange for the MSM; purple for the MMM; red and blue for Labour and its Parti Mauricien Social D\u00e9mocrate (PMSD) coalition partner.<\/p>\n<p>On the surface, this might appear to be a fairly familiar type of election in the mould of similar electoral democracies around the world. Underneath, however, there are much more complex and uniquely Mauritian dynamics at play.<\/p>\n<p>At independence in 1968, political ideology arguably did matter. Half a century later, and following several transitions of power, it\u2019s hard to make the same claim.<br \/>\nInstead, winning elections has largely become a strategic game of running the right candidates \u2013 as defined by caste, class, and religion \u2013 in the right places.<br \/>\nGarnering votes from a population made up of numerous different \u201ccommunities\u201d has primarily become about offering as many micro-electorates as possible a candidate they trust will cater to their needs.<\/p>\n<p>The country\u2019s very <a href=\"http:\/\/www.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;electionpassport.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;com\/electoral-systems\/mauritius\">electoral system<\/a> is a fascinating example of what happens when difference is a given.<\/p>\n<p>In Mauritian elections, people are divided into 21 constituencies. The twenty constituencies on mainland Mauritius each elect three MPs. The one constituency on the smaller island of Rodrigues returns two.<br \/>\nMembers are elected on a first-past-the-post system. So far so (relatively) normal. At this point, however, Mauritius\u2019 ingenious (if highly contested) \u201cBest Loser\u201d formula is applied to ensure no group is excessively under-represented.<br \/>\nIn a process that makes the selection of a Pope seem simple, data from the 1972 census is used to determine which communities have not won a \u201csufficient\u201d number of seats.<\/p>\n<p>Eight candidates who lost their contests but are from groups deemed to be \u201cunder-represented\u201d through first-past-the-post are allocated seats to ensure \u201ceveryone is represented in Parliament\u201d. This system is not without its critics. To begin with, it requires every candidate to register as being in one of four groups.<\/p>\n<p>The Constitution states: \u201cthe population of Mauritius shall be regarded as including a Hindu community, a Muslim community and Sino-Mauritian community; and every who does not appear, from his way of life, to belong to one other of those 3 communities shall be regarded as belonging to the General Population, which shall itself be regarded as a fourth community.<br \/>\nSome object to dividing up the population in this way and, on Saturday, a Supreme Court judge ruled yet again against candidates who refused to declare their \u201ccommunity\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>The verdict barred the participation of both groups and individuals who wished to run simply as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;lexpress.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;mu\/article\/363900\/ashok-subron-notre-crime-ete-vouloir-poser-candidats-en-tant-que-mauriciens?fbclid=IwAR0a0ALNzW-qYvgtSBgqUh5QZ1g2rwxkbDzfbfCOiLtBS5hftBYBsbPWdSo\">Mauritian<\/a>\u201d.<br \/>\nEven if one accepts that religion and ethnicity are appropriate determinants of electoral office, the groupings listed in the constitutional are controversial.<br \/>\nThe categories of \u201cHindu\u201d, \u201cMuslim\u201d and \u201cSino-Mauritian\u201d (Chinese) are rife with unwritten subdivisions. Meanwhile, the notion of \u201cGeneral Population\u201d is remarkably clumsy.<\/p>\n<p>The latter lumps together Mauritius\u2019 large number of Creoles \u2013 the historically-marginalised descendants of African slaves \u2013 with everyone else who doesn\u2019t \u201cfit\u201d into the other three options.<\/p>\n<p>It includes people of mixed heritage, recent immigrants, and atheists (though if the latter are deemed to practice a \u201cway of life\u201d that reflects Hinduism or Islam in some way, they might be reclassified by popular perception).<\/p>\n<p>Creoles are served a double-whammy of structural discrimination by virtue of <a href=\"https:\/\/oec.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;govmu.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;org\/pages\/nomination\/nominationDayDetailed.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;xhtml;jsessionid=23FCE03D5C922B670E3FDBB21850EC39\">voting districts<\/a> that are also demarcated against them. Finally, the demographics of Mauritius have changed significantly in the 47 years since the 1972 census.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s possible, for example, that Hindus are no longer the majority and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;google.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiDrp6Rsr7lAhXPVsAKHTqyAcgQFjAAegQIAhAC&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ohchr.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fhrc%2Fdocs%2FCaseLaw%2FCCPR-C-105-D-1744-2007_en.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;doc&amp;usg=AOvVaw3K7Z3rQjfEHHpr3nVaX8Vs\">UN has made it clear<\/a> that Mauritius should at the very least base its actions on accurate numbers.<\/p>\n<p>Efforts have been made to reform the system. But even the government-appointed <a href=\"https:\/\/topfmblog.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;wordpress.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;com\/2014\/04\/03\/white-paper-chapter-4-the-sachs-commission\/\">Sachs Commission<\/a> in 2001 failed to map out a viable pathway for change.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s partly because power is vested in the current the system and partly because of a genuine nationally-shared concern at the potential consequences of rocking the \u201cethnic\u201d boat. Personal politics<\/p>\n<p>Whether one supports the electoral system or not, it\u2019s clear that Mauritian society is divided up into <a href=\"https:\/\/defimedia.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;info\/repartition-ethnique-un-outil-politique\">far more categories than the four<\/a> outlined in the constitution.<br \/>\nIt is along far more intricate divisions within those categories that elections are fought and won. In the Hindu community, caste is of the <a href=\"https:\/\/sansconcessions.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;wordpress.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;com\/2010\/09\/06\/le-vrai-pouvoir-des-castes-a-maurice\/\">utmost importance<\/a>.<br \/>\nIn the other three groupings, class is often the deciding factor. The easiest way for political parties to win seats is to map out these sub-divisions across the country and run candidates of the \u201cright\u201d background in the right areas.<br \/>\nA crucial part of the campaign therefore is to chart in meticulous detail not just the number of, for example, Hindu voters in a given area, but which are Telegu, Marathi, Ravived, Rajput, Vaish, Tamil or Maraz.<\/p>\n<p>Parties work out which Muslims are Surtees, Maymons or Kalkutyas. They distinguish between poorer and richer Creoles, Catholics and the Assembly of God. Nuances are made between the Franco-Mauritian aristocracy and working classes, and sometimes between Hakka- and Cantonese-speaking Chinese.<\/p>\n<p>If a party can work out these divisions and have enough candidates of the \u201ccorrect\u201d identity to send to the appropriate constituencies, they will do well.<br \/>\nMauritius is small enough and people\u2019s lives so closely intertwined that a savvy voter can scan a <a href=\"https:\/\/oec.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;govmu.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;org\/pages\/nomination\/nominationDayDetailed.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;xhtml;jsessionid=23FCE03D5C922B670E3FDBB21850EC39\">list of candidates<\/a> and, from the names alone, guess a politician\u2019s religion, class and family background.<br \/>\nWith a few strategic phone calls, they can usually find out which school the candidate\u2019s children attend and at which supermarket they buy their groceries. Around elections, this politics gets personal and vicious. Dirt-digging becomes a national sport and everyone with an axe to grind mobilises.<br \/>\nThere are no actual axes, though \u2013 the only weapons are rumour, gossip, the occasional leaked email or bank statement, and traditions of spreading Fake News that have existed a lot longer than Facebook.<\/p>\n<p>This is not to say that other factors don\u2019t play some role. Voters will have opinions about the performance of national parties as a whole and their policies, but these concerns figure much less than their judgement of individual politicians and ministers.<\/p>\n<p>Politics quickly boils down to the personal, especially since all parties\u2019 proposals are essentially variations on the same broad welfare state. Voting decisions are less about abstract ideology than the individuals running and their perceived ethnicity, trustworthiness and (sometimes!) qualifications.<\/p>\n<p>After elections in Mauritius, these dynamics quickly die down. People put away their political bunting and banners, stop repeating nasty stories and return to good neighbourly relations.<\/p>\n<p>The winning candidates will take their seats under the assumption they will serve their nation and constituents, but with the needs of their family and extended \u201ccommunity\u201d coming first.<\/p>\n<p>The losers will accept the results in the knowledge they will have another chance in five years. At election time, as almost always, there will likely be a remarkable tolerance whatever the results.<\/p>\n<p>This is expressed in the often-repeated Bhojpuri phrase jay de \u2013 \u201cjust let it be\u201d. This attitude was captured in a recent conversation with a friend. He explained that he had to find a way to ensure members of his caste, which he feels is becoming increasingly marginal, are elected into office.<\/p>\n<p>In the same breath, however, he insisted that every Mauritian has a right to live in peace. He summarised: \u201cAs long as it\u2019s fair, of course, everybody needs their piece of power and they need to be able to live their lives.<br \/>\n\u201d This approach to politics is a world apart from most electoral democracies where voters are told their ballots will shape the future of their nation. Mauritians would never fall for such a con.<br \/>\nAmong other things, they understand that their islands are but tiny specks in a global system in which many things are beyond even the Prime Minister\u2019s control.<\/p>\n<p>Whether the incumbent Jugnauth (the son of Mauritius\u2019 second premier) extends his reign or Ramgoolam (the son of the first) returns for another round, they know that much will stay the same.<\/p>\n<p>Instead then, most Mauritians will vote at a very local scale for people they often know personally and who, in some way, they either trust or admire.<br \/>\nDespite <a href=\"https:\/\/www.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;lexpress.&lt;br&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;mu\/idee\/363710\/female-candidates-promises-and-lies\">significant criticism<\/a>, most of these people will be men.<br \/>\nIf those candidates perform well once elected, they may stay in power for generations. If they don\u2019t, they have to answer the electorate eye-to-eye for years to come.<br \/>\nDiversity has never been in question in Mauritius \u2013 of perspective, of ancestry, of god(s) \u2013 and it\u2019s not in question now. The political system certainly entrenches micro-politics, racism, and religious segregation.<br \/>\nIdeologically, it is obviously deeply flawed. And yet it also somehow works and, whichever way you look at it, Mauritians live better now than they did a few generations ago. In this age of broken democracies, Mauritius provides an interesting example for the world to ponder of politics at a more manageable scale.<\/p>\n<p><strong>For More News And Analysis About <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mauritius\">Mauritius<\/a> Follow <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/\">Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa-Press &#8211; Mauritius. Politics in Mauritius is perhaps unique in the world. On this tiny speck in the Indian Ocean, there is no indigenous population. Everyone in this hugely diverse population of 1.2 million people descends from migrants whether from Africa, Asia or Europe. How are elections fought and won in a country like this? [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":17761,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,8,12,16],"tags":[233,245,1643,241],"class_list":["post-17762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-homepage-english","category-policy","category-twitter","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-mauritius","tag-democracies","tag-mauritius"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mauritius\u2019 micro-politics: Everybody needs good neighbours - Mauritius<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Politics in Mauritius is perhaps unique in the world. 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