{"id":7722,"date":"2021-10-22T16:10:45","date_gmt":"2021-10-22T16:10:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/?p=7722"},"modified":"2021-10-22T15:24:54","modified_gmt":"2021-10-22T15:24:54","slug":"elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study","title":{"rendered":"Elephants in Mozambique may never develop tusks due to civil war, constant poaching finds study"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Mozambique. <\/strong><\/span>A hefty set of tusks is usually an advantage for elephants, allowing them to dig for water, strip bark for food and joust with other elephants. But during episodes of intense ivory poaching, those big incisors become a liability.<\/p>\n

Now researchers have pinpointed how years of civil war and poaching in Mozambique have led to a greater proportion of elephants that will never develop tusks.<\/p>\n

During the conflict from 1977 to 1992, fighters on both sides slaughtered elephants for ivory to finance war efforts. In the region that\u2019s now Gorongosa National Park, around 90 percent of the elephants were killed.<\/p>\n

The survivors were likely to share a key characteristic: half the females were naturally tuskless \u2014 they simply never developed tusks \u2014 while before the war, less than a fifth lacked tusks.<\/p>\n

Like eye colour in humans, genes are responsible for whether elephants inherit tusks from their parents. Although trustlessness was once rare in African savannah elephants, it\u2019s become more common \u2014 like a rare eye color becoming widespread.<\/p>\n

After the war, those tuskless surviving females passed on their genes with expected, as well as surprising, results. About half their daughters were tuskless. More perplexing, two-thirds of their offspring were female.<\/p>\n

The years of unrest \u201cchanged the trajectory of evolution in that population,\u201d said evolutionary biologist Shane Campbell-Staton, based at Princeton University.<\/p>\n

With colleagues, he set out to understand how the pressure of the ivory trade had tipped the scale of natural selection. Their findings were published Thursday in the journal Science.<\/p>\n

Researchers in Mozambique, including biologists Dominique Goncalves and Joyce Poole, observed the national park\u2019s roughly 800 elephants over several years to create a catalogue of mothers and offspring.<\/p>\n

\u201cFemale calves stay by their mothers, and so do males up to a certain age,\u201d said Poole, who is scientific director and co-founder of the nonprofit ElephantVoices.<\/p>\n

Poole had previously seen other cases of elephant populations with a disproportionately large number of tuskless females after intense poaching, including in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. \u201cI\u2019ve been puzzling over why it\u2019s the females who are tuskless for a very long time,\u201d said Poole, who is a co-author of the study.<\/p>\n

In Gorongosa, the team collected blood samples from seven tusked and 11 tuskless female elephants, then analyzed their DNA for differences.<\/p>\n

The elephant survey data gave them an idea where to look: Because the tuskless elephants were female, they focused on the X chromosome. (Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X and one Y chromosome.)<\/p>\n

They also suspected that the relevant gene was dominant \u2013 meaning that a female needs only one altered gene to become tuskless \u2014 and that when passed to male embryos, it may short-circuit their development.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen mothers pass it on, we think the sons likely die early in development, a miscarriage,\u201d said Brian Arnold, a co-author and evolutionary biologist at Princeton.<\/p>\n

Their genetic analysis revealed two key parts of the elephants\u2019 DNA that they think play a role in passing on the trait of tusklessness. The same genes are associated with the development of teeth in other mammals.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey\u2019ve produced the smoking-gun evidence for genetic changes,\u201d said Chris Darimont, a conservation scientist at the University of Victoria in Canada, who was not involved in the research. The work \u201chelps scientists and the public understand how our society can have a major influence on the evolution of other life forms.\u201d<\/p>\n

Most people think of evolution as something that proceeds slowly, but humans can hit the accelerator.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen we think about natural selection, we think about it happening over hundreds, or thousands, of years,\u201d said Samuel Wasser, a conservation biologist at the University of Washington, who was not involved in the research. \u201cThe fact that this dramatic selection for tusklessness happened over 15 years is one of the most astonishing findings.\u201d<\/p>\n

Now the scientists are studying what more tuskless elephants means for the species and its savannah environment. Their preliminary analysis of fecal samples suggests the Gorongosa elephants are shifting their diet, without long incisors to peel bark from trees.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe tuskless females ate mostly grass, whereas the tusked animals ate more legumes and tough woody plants,\u201d said Robert Pringle, a co-author and biologist at Princeton University. \u201cThese changes will last for at least multiple elephant generations.\u201d<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Mozambique<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Mozambique. A hefty set of tusks is usually an advantage for elephants, allowing them to dig for water, strip bark for food and joust with other elephants. But during episodes of intense ivory poaching, those big incisors become a liability. Now researchers have pinpointed how years of civil war and poaching in Mozambique […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":7721,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4,8,16],"tags":[233,281,283],"class_list":["post-7722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-culture-and-art","category-homepage-english","category-twitter","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-mozambique","tag-mozambique"],"yoast_head":"\nElephants in Mozambique may never develop tusks due to civil war, constant poaching finds study - Mozambique<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A hefty set of tusks is usually an advantage for elephants, allowing them to dig for water, strip bark for food and jous ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Elephants in Mozambique may never develop tusks due to civil war, constant poaching finds study\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A hefty set of tusks is usually an advantage for elephants, allowing them to dig for water, strip bark for food and jous ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Mozambique\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AfricaPressTunisiaa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-10-22T16:10:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/sites\/64\/2021\/10\/img-6172d7b02d5c3.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"Elephants in Mozambique may never develop tusks due to civil war, constant poaching finds study\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-10-22T16:10:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\"},\"wordCount\":732,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/sites\/64\/2021\/10\/img-6172d7b02d5c3.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Mozambique\",\"Mozambique\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"culture and art\",\"homepage-english\",\"twitter\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/mozambique\/all-news\/elephants-in-mozambique-may-never-develop-tusks-due-to-civil-war-constant-poaching-finds-study\",\"name\":\"Elephants in Mozambique may never develop tusks due to civil war, constant poaching finds study - 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