{"id":65844,"date":"2024-02-21T16:53:17","date_gmt":"2024-02-21T16:53:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/all-news\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said"},"modified":"2024-02-21T18:08:12","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T18:08:12","slug":"dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said","title":{"rendered":"DR Congo\u2019s Rwandophone question: What US govt, SA, Tanzanian leaders have said"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Rwanda. <\/strong><\/span>The situation in eastern DR Congo, especially an escalation in hostilities between a government-led coalition and the M23 rebels, has raised fears that the Great Lakes Region could be sunk into a wider conflict, if it is not contained in time.<\/p>\n

Since early February, the M23 rebels have advanced towards Goma, the capital of eastern DR Congo\u2019s North Kivu Province, raising fears that they might take control of the city of an estimated two million people. Calls have mounted for the government in Kinshasa to agree to peace talks, instead of pursuing military operations that could escalate the conflict which has entered its third year.<\/p>\n

One of the conflict’s root causes is the unsolved question of Kinyarwanda-speaking communities, also called Rwandophones, who are mostly persecuted and denied their rights to citizenship.<\/p>\n

Kinshasa continues to accuse Rwanda of supporting the M23 rebels \u2013 allegations Kigali dismisses. Rwanda has stressed that the conflict in eastern DR Congo is a result of internal problems including bad governance, ethnic discrimination, and violence, in DR Congo.<\/p>\n

Kigali also accuses the Congolese armed forces, or FARDC, of integrating the FDLR, a Rwandan ethnic militia directly linked to the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. The US-sanctioned terrorist group has, for long, been spreading hate and violence against Congolese Tutsi communities.<\/p>\n

Among others, Bernard Maingain, a Belgian lawyer has condemned hate speeches in eastern DR Congo and called on the international community to put aside other interests and finance an effective justice system to deal with hate speech in the country, to no avail.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe hate ideology has been there for years and it was amplified within the past months but in reality, the issue is that there was never a process to completely eradicate such ideology and we are seeing the consequences,\u201d Maingain said in a televised show on the national broadcaster on December 27, 2022.<\/p>\n

ALSO READ<\/b>: Belgian lawyer on why genocide ideology doesn\u2019t dissolve three decades after dispersion of genocidaires<\/p>\n

The roots of the conflict, the persecution and violence against Kinyarwanda-speaking Tutsi communities, sometimes referred to as Banyamulenge \u2013 this is just one of the Kinyarwanda-speaking groups in question \u2013 can be traced as far back as the early 1960s, when DR Congo gained independence. Instead of addressing the main root cause of insecurity in eastern DR Congo, the United Nations Security Council preferred to manage this insecurity and focus on the consequences of the genocidal militia\u2019s presence in eastern DR Congo,<\/p>\n

The nationality of the communities, which found themselves within the borders of Congo after the 1885 Berlin Conference, has been contentious.<\/p>\n

Laws have been passed and changed to accept them as Congolese citizens but a dangerous attitude that classifies Tutsi communities in the eastern DR Congo as \u2018foreigners\u2019 that should, therefore, \u2018go back where they came from\u2019 persists, and is a seed of unending conflict. This attitude promotes hate, marginalisation and violence.<\/p>\n

Various African leaders have spoken out on the issue of the Congolese Tutsi communities. Such leaders include Tanzania\u2019s former president late Julius Nyerere, and South Africa\u2019s former President Thabo Mbeki, among others.<\/p>\n

Thabo Mbeki<\/p>\n

Mbeki, who spoke to South African broadcaster SABC recently following his country\u2019s military deployment to eastern DR Congo as part of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), has been clear that until the plight of the Banyamulenge is addressed, any external intervention will not solve the problem.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe fundamental problem remains,\u201d said Mbeki in an interview with SABC\u2019s Sophie Makoena. \u201cThe solution to that problem in eastern Congo is political.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe government in Kinshasa must recognise that all the people of the Congo are all Congolese and it\u2019s a responsibility of the government of the Congo to protect all of them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThe fundamental reason the M23 emerges, whoever is behind it, is because a section of the Congolese population in eastern Congo doesn\u2019t feel protected,\u201d said Mbeki, who traces the problem in the days of President Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the country, then called Zaire, from 1971 to 1997.<\/p>\n

Mbeki who served as the second president of South Africa from June 1999 to September 2008, noted that it was said since the days of Mobutu that Banyamulenge were not Congolese and that they were Rwandans.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe boundaries of the [DR Congo] as they stand today were colonial boundaries… and therefore the people within those borders are a responsibility of the government of the Congo,\u201d Mbeki said.<\/p>\n

Julius Nyerere<\/p>\n

Before his death in 1997, Nyerere, who was president of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985, also talked about the decades-long conflict in eastern DR Congo.<\/p>\n

While in New York at a roundtable discussion organised by the International Peace Academy in 1996, Nyerere spoke, at length, about divisive politics which had plunged the Great Lakes Region into conflict over the years.<\/p>\n

\u201cZaire passed some law which said the so-called Banyamulenge are not Zaire citizens anymore. This was a change. At first, at independence, they were regarded as citizens and then later a new law was passed which denationalized them,\u201d said Nyerere.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Banyamulenge are not immigrants to Zaire, they are not,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is the problem of the Banyamulenge, yes. But there is a purely political problem of Zaire which will still remain when the problem of the Banyamulenge is over.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ethnic violence before 1994<\/p>\n

The influx of Interahamwe militia and members of the former Rwandan army \u2013 the perpetrators of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda \u2013 into DR Congo in 1994 intensified their genocide ideology inside DR Congo, this time targeting the Congolese Tutsi.<\/p>\n

It also fed into discriminatory tendencies that claimed that the Congolese natives of the Kivu regions were \u2018Congolese of doubtful nationality,\u2019 as explained by Rwanda’s former ambassador to DR Congo Vincent Karega.<\/p>\n

However, long before the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, Kinyarwanda-speaking Tutsi communities in DR Congo were discriminated and despised as Rwandans and not Congolese citizens.<\/p>\n

US government files<\/p>\n

The United States government has remained abreast of the situation in eastern DR Congo and the persecution of the Kinyarwanda-speaking Tutsi communities for at least 60 years.<\/p>\n

In 1965, a cable sent to the US State Department from the American Consulate in Bukavu, in South Kivu Province, documented an outbreak of violence in Masisi territory in North Kivu in which at least 200 people were killed.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe source of this violence has been the friction\u201d between the so-called Banyarwanda and the Bahunde communities, with the Banyarwanda group called refugees and non-Congolese citizens, according to the classified cable dated October 29, 1965.<\/p>\n

Interesting. Detailed analysis by US diplomat 58 years ago showing unresolved issues that continue to plague our region. Until these root causes are grappled with, peace will elude us. This is why implementation of Luanda and Nairobi agreements are critical. https:\/\/t.co\/HouMOeDWbJ pic.twitter.com\/N94VOwyoxe<\/p>\n

\u2014 Yolande Makolo (@YolandeMakolo) February 14, 2023<\/p>\n

The then-North Kivu provincial government controlled by the Nande, another ethnic group, sought \u201cto picture the Banyarwanda as refugees (which they are not) and not as Congolese citizens (which they are),\u201d read the cable, adding that the administration did not seek to \u201ccorrect or even recognize the grievances of the Banyarwanda.\u201d<\/p>\n

The cable read: \u201cFurther suppression of the Banyarwanda could lead to an explosive situation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The 1965 cable noted that at the time, there were \u201cno indicators of rebel attempts to capitalise on the dissatisfaction of the Banyarwanda,\u201d adding, however, that \u201cthis group is presently the most attractive target for rebel recruitment in the Kivu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rebellion<\/p>\n

In the late 1990s, an armed group called RCD-Goma was created in rebellion to President Laurent Desire Kabila\u2019s divisive politics that side-lined Kinyarwanda-speaking Congolese Tutsi.<\/p>\n

In the 2000s, a group called CNDP was born, with Laurent Nkunda at its head. In early 2009, CNDP reached a peace deal with the Congolese government to integrate the rebels into the national army and its political wing becoming a political party.<\/p>\n

On January 29, 2009, CNDP soldiers started voluntarily integrating into the national army, a development that then considerably contributed to a return to normalcy in the country\u2019s east. The initial integration exercise, at Rumangabo military camp, was attended by top government officials who welcomed the development. At the ceremony, Julien Paluku, the then Governor of North Kivu Province, serving from January 2007 to February 2019, currently DR Congo Minister of Industry, said it was \u201ca big day for the Province,\u201d and thanked all involved for the effort that would bring peace to the region.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo one benefits from war,\u201d he pointed out, \u201call we benefit from is peace.\u201d<\/p>\n

But the optimism was short-lived. Barely 11 months after denouncing rebellion and moving to form a political party so as to partake, constructively, in their country\u2019s political life, the rebels were frustrated.<\/p>\n

In November 2009, a frustrated De\u0301sire\u0301 Kamanzi, the then CNDP head, resigned.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe fundamental reasons are, notably, the slowness in implementation of the agreements we have signed with the government since January,\u201d Kamanzi said.<\/p>\n

Key among CNDP\u2019s demands was the sending home of hundreds of Congolese refugees in neighbouring countries, including Rwanda, as well as the full and proper reintegration of their new party\u2019s political cadres into the national politics.<\/p>\n

Three years later, the M23 rebel group was formed by former CNDP carders as their communities were still threatened by FDLR and other Congolese militia groups.<\/p>\n

In North Kivu Province, the M23, or Movement of March 23, draws its name from the unimplemented Kinshasa-CNDP agreement of March 23, 2009. There is another group formed by the Banyamulenge community in South Kivu Province, called Twirwaneho, meaning \u2018let’s defend ourselves\u2019.<\/p>\n

For More News And Analysis About Rwanda<\/a> Follow Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Rwanda. The situation in eastern DR Congo, especially an escalation in hostilities between a government-led coalition and the M23 rebels, has raised fears that the Great Lakes Region could be sunk into a wider conflict, if it is not contained in time. Since early February, the M23 rebels have advanced towards Goma, the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":84,"featured_media":65843,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,14],"tags":[760,763,5103,5102,2542,3520,4036,5100,2540,758,5104,5101],"class_list":["post-65844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-news","category-policy","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-rwanda","tag-banyamulenge","tag-cndp","tag-dr-congo","tag-fdlr","tag-genocide-ideology","tag-julius-nyerere","tag-m23","tag-rwanda","tag-us-cables","tag-zaire"],"yoast_head":"\nDR Congo\u2019s Rwandophone question: What US govt, SA, Tanzanian leaders have said - Rwanda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The situation in eastern DR Congo, especially an escalation in hostilities between a government-led coalition and the M2 ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"DR Congo\u2019s Rwandophone question: What US govt, SA, Tanzanian leaders have said\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The situation in eastern DR Congo, especially an escalation in hostilities between a government-led coalition and the M2 ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Rwanda\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-02-21T16:53:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-21T18:08:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/sites\/23\/2024\/02\/sm_1708526149.337167.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"562\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditoren\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditoren\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/#\/schema\/person\/068c7ab4e9634ae78ec5d54ec46598bb\"},\"headline\":\"DR Congo\u2019s Rwandophone question: What US govt, SA, Tanzanian leaders have said\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-02-21T16:53:17+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-21T18:08:12+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\"},\"wordCount\":1595,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/sites\/23\/2024\/02\/sm_1708526149.337167.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-Rwanda\",\"Banyamulenge\",\"CNDP\",\"DR Congo\",\"fdlr\",\"Genocide ideology\",\"Julius Nyerere\",\"M23\",\"Rwanda\",\"US cables\",\"Zaire\"],\"articleSection\":[\"all news\",\"Policy\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/rwanda\/policy\/dr-congos-rwandophone-question-what-us-govt-sa-tanzanian-leaders-have-said\",\"name\":\"DR Congo\u2019s Rwandophone question: What US govt, SA, Tanzanian leaders have said - 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