{"id":10016,"date":"2023-11-09T21:06:49","date_gmt":"2023-11-09T21:06:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/decouverte-dun-trou-noir-dune-masse-record-a-laube-de-lunivers"},"modified":"2023-11-09T22:46:48","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T22:46:48","slug":"decouverte-dun-trou-noir-dune-masse-record-a-laube-de-lunivers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/decouverte-dun-trou-noir-dune-masse-record-a-laube-de-lunivers","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9couverte d\u2019un trou noir d\u2019une masse record \u00e0 l\u2019aube de l\u2019Univers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Si jeune et de\u0301ja\u0300 si imposant ! Un trou noir de 10 a\u0300 100 millions de masses solaires (Ms) a e\u0301te\u0301 observe\u0301 dans une galaxie situe\u0301e seulement 470 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es apre\u0300s le Big Bang. C\u2019est la premie\u0300re fois qu\u2019un trou noir d\u2019une telle envergure est de\u0301couvert si to\u0302t dans l\u2019Univers. Il pe\u0300serait a\u0300 lui seul autant que toutes les e\u0301toiles de sa galaxie ho\u0302te. Ce re\u0301sultat, obtenu en combinant les donne\u0301es des te\u0301lescopes spatiaux James Webb (JWST) et Chandra, a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019un article paru le 6 novembre 2023 dans la revue Nature Astronomy. \u201cNous avions besoin du Webb pour trouver cette galaxie remarquablement lointaine, et de Chandra pour trouver son trou noir supermassif\u201d, re\u0301sume dans un communique\u0301 Akos Bogdan du Centre d\u2019astrophysique de Harvard & Smithsonian (Etats-Unis), auteur principal de la publication. La pre\u0301sence du trou noir a en effet e\u0301te\u0301 re\u0301ve\u0301le\u0301e par la forte e\u0301mission de la galaxie en rayons X, domaine du spectre e\u0301lectromagne\u0301tique dans lequel observe Chandra. Ce flot de X jaillit de la matie\u0300re fortement acce\u0301le\u0301re\u0301e dans sa chute vers le trou noir.<\/p>\n

Deux mode\u0300les en lice<\/b><\/p>\n

En plus de re\u0301ve\u0301ler la pre\u0301sence du trou noir, il a permis d\u2019en estimer la masse, remarquable, comme le souligne pour Sciences et Avenir David Elbaz, astrophysicien au CEA. \u201cLes trous noirs supermassifs repre\u0301sentent en ge\u0301ne\u0301ral un millie\u0300me de la masse de l\u2019ensemble des e\u0301toiles de leur galaxie. Ici, c\u2019est donc 1000 fois plus. Me\u0302me en supposant que l\u2019e\u0301quipe ait pu se tromper d\u2019un facteur 10 dans son estimation, ce qui est possible car elle est de\u0301licate a\u0300 re\u0301aliser, le ratio reste e\u0301norme… Cela interroge sur les me\u0301canismes de formation des trous noirs supermassifs.\u201d<\/p>\n

Deux mode\u0300les sont actuellement en lice. Le premier envisage un Univers jeune peuple\u0301 d\u2019e\u0301toiles gigantesques, allant jusqu\u2019a\u0300 1000 Ms. Une e\u0301toile s\u2019effondre en un trou noir. Il va croi\u0302tre en avalant la matie\u0300re autour de lui. Mais cela prend du temps pour passer de 1000 Ms aux millions, voire aux milliards de Ms d\u2019un trou noir supermassif. \u201cOr, les observations comme celle-ci montrent bien que ces trous noirs se sont forme\u0301s tre\u0300s vite, puisqu\u2019ils sont de\u0301ja\u0300 la\u0300 si to\u0302t dans l\u2019Univers. Pour conserver ce mode\u0300le, il faut comprendre comment un trou noir peut accre\u0301ter autant de matie\u0300re, si rapidement. C\u2019est d\u2019autant plus difficile a\u0300 expliquer que la pression du rayonnement e\u0301mis par la matie\u0300re acce\u0301le\u0301re\u0301e freine l\u2019accre\u0301tion et donc la croissance du trou noir. L\u2019autre proble\u0300me, c\u2019est leur position au centre de leur galaxie. Cela signifie que l\u2019e\u0301toile qui leur a donne\u0301 naissance s\u2019y trouvait e\u0301galement. Des e\u0301toiles situe\u0301es plus en pe\u0301riphe\u0301rie ne pourraient-elles pas aussi donner un trou noir supermassif ? Pourtant, tous les trous noirs supermassifs sont au centre\u201d, constate David Elbaz.<\/p>\n

Des astres de vie pluto\u0302t que des astres de mort ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Pour re\u0301soudre ces difficulte\u0301s, les scientifiques disposent d\u2019un autre mode\u0300le : la formation directe de trous noirs, sans passer par la case \u201ce\u0301toile\u201d. D\u2019immenses nuages de gaz s\u2019effondrent sur eux-me\u0302mes, accouchant de trous noirs de 100.000 a\u0300 un million de Ms, qui fusionnent ensuite entre eux. \u201cC\u2019est un renversement complet de paradigme\u201d, remarque David Elbaz qui soutient ce sce\u0301nario. On se posait la question de ce qui e\u0301tait apparu en premier : les e\u0301toiles ou les galaxies. Eh bien, la re\u0301ponse n\u2019est ni l\u2019un ni l\u2019autre, ce sont les trous noirs ! Ils constitueraient la \u00ab graine \u00bb a\u0300 partir de laquelle croi\u0302trait une galaxie, ce qui expliquerait leur position centrale. Ainsi, ces \u00ab astres de mort \u00bb ou de destruction, comme on les conside\u0300re en ge\u0301ne\u0301ral, seraient pluto\u0302t des astres de vie.\u201d<\/p>\n

La de\u0301couverte de galaxies toujours plus pre\u0301coces par le JWST, et riches en gaz, renforce clairement cette dernie\u0300re hypothe\u0300se. Mais ces nuages de gaz gigantesques s\u2019effondrant sur eux-me\u0302mes pour former des trous noirs posent aussi des proble\u0300mes the\u0301oriques. \u201cNormalement, un nuage s\u2019effondre par fraction, en formant des grumeaux qui donneront des e\u0301toiles. Il faut donc trouver un me\u0301canisme permettant d\u2019expliquer qu\u2019il le fasse d\u2019un bloc. Or, pour qu\u2019un nuage ne forme pas de grumeaux, il doit e\u0301mettre peu de lumie\u0300re. Ce qui signifie e\u0302tre relativement pauvre en e\u0301le\u0301ments lourds, comme le carbone ou l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne. Pour cela, il faut un Univers jeune peu efficace dans la formation d\u2019atomes et de mole\u0301cules\u201d, conclut le chercheur. Mais la\u0300 encore, les observations du JWST de\u0301voilent pluto\u0302t un Univers diablement pre\u0301coce dans ce domaine. De\u0301cide\u0301ment, les trous noirs, en plus d\u2019emprisonner la matie\u0300re, savent aussi bien garder leurs secrets…<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Si jeune et de\u0301ja\u0300 si imposant ! Un trou noir de 10 a\u0300 100 millions de masses solaires (Ms) a e\u0301te\u0301 observe\u0301 dans une galaxie situe\u0301e seulement 470 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es apre\u0300s le Big Bang. C\u2019est la premie\u0300re fois qu\u2019un trou noir d\u2019une telle envergure est de\u0301couvert si to\u0302t dans […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":10015,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-10016","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9couverte d\u2019un trou noir d\u2019une masse record \u00e0 l\u2019aube de l\u2019Univers - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Si jeune et de\u0301ja\u0300 si imposant ! 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