{"id":10166,"date":"2023-11-19T19:41:32","date_gmt":"2023-11-19T19:41:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout"},"modified":"2023-11-19T21:28:16","modified_gmt":"2023-11-19T21:28:16","slug":"pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout","title":{"rendered":"Pourquoi les oiseaux arrivent \u00e0 dormir debout"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale entre humain et oiseau est que le bipe\u0301disme du premier implique de se tenir droit, alors que celui du second repose visiblement sur la flexion des membres infe\u0301rieurs.<\/p>\n

\u201cL\u2019oiseau est un \u201canimal a\u0300 la fois tre\u0300s proche et tre\u0300s e\u0301loigne\u0301 de nous\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Cette flexion, que l\u2019humain ne peut tenir qu\u2019un court moment et au prix d\u2019un certain effort, n\u2019empe\u0302che pas les dix mille espe\u0300ces d\u2019oiseaux recense\u0301es dans le monde de dormir debout, rappelle l\u2019e\u0301tude publie\u0301e dans la revue Interface de la Royal Society britannique.<\/p>\n

Et si on ne s\u2019est jamais vraiment pose\u0301 la question de savoir pourquoi, c\u2019est peut-e\u0302tre parce que l\u2019oiseau est un \u201canimal a\u0300 la fois tre\u0300s proche et tre\u0300s e\u0301loigne\u0301 de nous, dont on s\u2019est inte\u0301resse\u0301 surtout au vol et au comportement\u201d, suppose la premie\u0300re autrice de l\u2019e\u0301tude, Anick Abourachid, du laboratoire Mecadev (Me\u0301canismes adaptatifs et Evolution) du Muse\u0301um national d\u2019histoire naturelle de Paris.<\/p>\n

Chez l\u2019humain, l\u2019e\u0301quilibre de\u0301pend d\u2019un squelette travaillant en compression. Les forces s\u2019y propagent verticalement, par gravite\u0301, de la te\u0302te aux pieds. L\u2019oiseau a une structure diffe\u0301rente, avec un tronc plus horizontal, allant d\u2019une courte queue osseuse, via une colonne verte\u0301brale quasi rigide, jusqu\u2019a\u0300 un long cou puis la te\u0302te.<\/p>\n

Ce tronc est comme en e\u0301quilibre sur des jambes, constitue\u0301es de trois os assez longs, qui forment une sorte de Z avant d\u2019arriver aux pattes. Une structure he\u0301rite\u0301e de leurs ance\u0302tres dinosaures.<\/p>\n

L\u2019e\u0301quipe de Mecadev propose que ce syste\u0300me repose sur la tense\u0301grite\u0301. Il permet a\u0300 l\u2019animal de rester \u201cstable avec un cou\u0302t e\u0301nerge\u0301tique minimal, c\u2019est-a\u0300-dire sans quasiment aucun effort musculaire gra\u0302ce a\u0300 une tension passive\u201d, selon l\u2019e\u0301tude.<\/p>\n

La tense\u0301grite\u0301, mot de\u0301rive\u0301 de l\u2019anglais alliant les notions de tension et d\u2019inte\u0301grite\u0301, de\u0301signe la faculte\u0301 d\u2019une structure a\u0300 conserver son e\u0301quilibre par un jeu de tension et de compression. Comme pour un pont suspendu dont le tablier tient par un e\u0301quilibre entre ca\u0302bles et piliers, a\u0300 la diffe\u0301rence d\u2019un pont classique, qui repose sur la seule compression du tablier et de ses piles.<\/p>\n

\u201cCouche de plume\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n

Chez l\u2019oiseau, \u201cune fois que la structure est mise sous tension, il n\u2019y a pas besoin d\u2019e\u0301nergie pour la faire tenir debout\u201d, dit la Pr Abourachid.<\/p>\n

Les oiseaux conservent ainsi leur e\u0301quilibre avec un minimum d\u2019effort, me\u0302me sur un ca\u0302ble e\u0301lectrique ou une branche secoue\u0301e par le vent. Un exploit re\u0301serve\u0301 aux pratiquants humains de \u201cslackline\u201d, s\u2019apparentant au funambulisme, mais de pre\u0301fe\u0301rence sans vent.<\/p>\n

Pour tester leur hypothe\u0300se, les chercheurs de Mecadev ont conc\u0327u avec l\u2019aide de ceux du Laboratoire des sciences nume\u0301riques de l\u2019Universite\u0301 de Nantes (LS2N) un mode\u0300le mathe\u0301matique mariant biologie et robotique.<\/p>\n

Un des rares oiseaux dont la posture a e\u0301te\u0301 e\u0301tudie\u0301e par rayons X<\/b><\/p>\n

Ils ont utilise\u0301 les e\u0301tudes sur un des rares oiseaux, un passereau de l\u2019espe\u0300ce Diamant mandarin, dont la posture a e\u0301te\u0301 e\u0301tudie\u0301e par rayons X. \u201cC\u2019est la seule fac\u0327on de comprendre la posture du squelette, parce que tout ce qu\u2019on voit d\u2019un oiseau c\u2019est une couche de plumes avec le bec d\u2019un co\u0302te\u0301 et les pattes de l\u2019autre\u201d, dit la chercheuse.<\/p>\n

Le mode\u0300le fonctionne avec quatre ca\u0302bles remplac\u0327ant les tendons et muscles de la jambe d\u2019un oiseau, et allant du sacrum jusqu\u2019a\u0300 la patte en passant par chaque articulation.<\/p>\n

Une juste tension des ca\u0302bles permet a\u0300 l\u2019animal mode\u0301lise\u0301 de trouver son e\u0301quilibre, jambes plie\u0301es. Dans la re\u0301alite\u0301, un oiseau compte une quarantaine de muscles lui permettant non seulement de rester debout mais aussi, selon l\u2019espe\u0300ce, de courir, nager, prendre son envol, saisir de la nourriture ou se de\u0301fendre.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs re\u0301fle\u0301chissent a\u0300 des mode\u0300les plus complexes pour reproduire le comportement des oiseaux en mouvement. Avec l\u2019ambition de trouver une application en robotique \u2013 les robots bipe\u0300des s\u2019inspirent souvent du mode\u0300le humain.<\/p>\n

Le mode\u0300le aviaire permettrait a\u0300 un robot bipe\u0300de de maintenir une posture fixe pendant longtemps, pour de l\u2019observation par exemple, avec une de\u0301pense e\u0301nerge\u0301tique minime.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale entre humain et oiseau est que le bipe\u0301disme du premier implique de se tenir droit, alors que celui du second repose visiblement sur la flexion des membres infe\u0301rieurs. \u201cL\u2019oiseau est un \u201canimal a\u0300 la fois tre\u0300s proche et tre\u0300s e\u0301loigne\u0301 de nous\u201d Cette flexion, que l\u2019humain […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":10165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-10166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nPourquoi les oiseaux arrivent \u00e0 dormir debout - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale entre humain et oiseau est que le bipe\u0301disme du premier implique de se tenir droit, alors qu ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pourquoi les oiseaux arrivent \u00e0 dormir debout\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La diffe\u0301rence fondamentale entre humain et oiseau est que le bipe\u0301disme du premier implique de se tenir droit, alors qu ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-11-19T19:41:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-19T21:28:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/sites\/59\/2023\/11\/sm_1700413003.146764.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"Pourquoi les oiseaux arrivent \u00e0 dormir debout\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-11-19T19:41:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-19T21:28:16+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\"},\"wordCount\":811,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/sites\/59\/2023\/11\/sm_1700413003.146764.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Africa Press\",\"Africa Press-S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe\",\"S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/pourquoi-les-oiseaux-arrivent-a-dormir-debout\",\"name\":\"Pourquoi les oiseaux arrivent \u00e0 dormir debout - 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