{"id":10713,"date":"2023-12-18T18:11:02","date_gmt":"2023-12-18T18:11:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/fusion-nucleaire-et-fission-nucleaire-quelles-differences"},"modified":"2023-12-18T19:32:19","modified_gmt":"2023-12-18T19:32:19","slug":"fusion-nucleaire-et-fission-nucleaire-quelles-differences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/fusion-nucleaire-et-fission-nucleaire-quelles-differences","title":{"rendered":"Fusion nucl\u00e9aire et fission nucl\u00e9aire\u00a0: quelles diff\u00e9rences ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Le Japon a de\u0301marre\u0301 le premier re\u0301acteur a\u0300 fusion nucle\u0301aire. Pouvez-vous nous expliquer les diffe\u0301rences entre la fusion et la fission et nous dire si elle sera disponible pour tous biento\u0302t ?\u201d, nous demande Joel Daigle sur notre page Facebook. C\u2019est notre question de lecteur de la semaine. Merci a\u0300 toutes et a\u0300 tous pour votre participation.<\/p>\n

Fission nucle\u0301aire : briser des atomes<\/b><\/p>\n

Tout d\u2019abord, la fission nucle\u0301aire : c\u2019est un phe\u0301nome\u0300ne au c\u0153ur des centrales qui fournissent pre\u0300s de 70% de l\u2019e\u0301lectricite\u0301 produite en France en 2019 (selon EDF). Ces centrales, reconnaissables a\u0300 leurs larges chemine\u0301es, sont alimente\u0301es en mate\u0301riaux fissiles, mate\u0301riaux dont le noyau atomique est suffisamment instable pour pouvoir e\u0302tre brise\u0301 sous l\u2019effet d\u2019un bombardement a\u0300 neutron, tel que l\u2019uranium ou le plutonium.<\/p>\n

Certains atomes, posse\u0301dant un grand nombre de protons et de neutrons (les protons sont charge\u0301s positivement tandis que les neutrons ne posse\u0300dent pas de charge e\u0301lectrique), sont instables. Cette instabilite\u0301 pousse le noyau de l\u2019atome a\u0300 se se\u0301parer en composants plus petits e\u0301mettant par la me\u0302me occasion une grande quantite\u0301 d\u2019e\u0301nergie. Ce phe\u0301nome\u0300ne est a\u0300 l\u2019origine de la radioactivite\u0301, e\u0301mission spontane\u0301e de rayons e\u0301lectromagne\u0301tiques de haute e\u0301nergie, et se produit naturellement. A\u0300 titre d\u2019exemple, une banane est naturellement radioactive due a\u0300 la pre\u0301sence de potassium 40.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dans les centrales, une grande quantite\u0301 de mate\u0301riaux relativement instables (tels que l\u2019uranium ou le plutonium) sont rassemble\u0301s en un me\u0302me lieu. Ces atomes sont bombarde\u0301s de neutrons. En entrant dans un noyau, d\u2019uranium par exemple, les neutrons entrai\u0302nent la de\u0301sinte\u0301gration du noyau en e\u0301le\u0301ments plus le\u0301gers. Lors de ces de\u0301sinte\u0301grations, diffe\u0301rentes particules sont e\u0301mises : des photons, des e\u0301lectrons ou bien me\u0302me des neutrons. La proximite\u0301 des noyaux fissiles dans les combustibles nucle\u0301aires entrai\u0302ne une re\u0301action en chai\u0302ne : un noyau capte un neutron puis se de\u0301sinte\u0300gre en e\u0301mettant des neutrons, entrai\u0302nant d\u2019autres de\u0301sinte\u0301grations.<\/p>\n

L\u2019e\u0301nergie libe\u0301re\u0301e par ces re\u0301actions en chai\u0302ne est re\u0301cupe\u0301re\u0301e en faisant chauffer de grandes quantite\u0301s d\u2019eau. La vapeur ainsi cre\u0301e\u0301e fait tourner des turbines, ge\u0301ne\u0301rant a\u0300 la manie\u0300re d\u2019une dynamo de ve\u0301lo l\u2019e\u0301lectricite\u0301 alimentant ensuite nos foyers.<\/p>\n

Fusion nucle\u0301aire : combiner des atomes<\/b><\/p>\n

Pour sche\u0301matiser, la fusion est le phe\u0301nome\u0300ne inverse de la fission : des noyaux s\u2019assemblent pour former des atomes plus lourds. La fusion a e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301couverte au de\u0301but du 20e\u0300me sie\u0300cle, et la premie\u0300re re\u0301action a e\u0301te\u0301 re\u0301alise\u0301e par Ernest Rutherford en 1934 a\u0300 l\u2019aide de deute\u0301rium (il s\u2019agit d\u2019hydroge\u0300ne lourd dont le noyau est compose\u0301 d\u2019un proton et d\u2019un neutron, donnant comme produit de l\u2019he\u0301lium). L\u2019he\u0301lium a une masse infe\u0301rieure a\u0300 celle des deux noyaux de deute\u0301rium l\u2019ayant engendre\u0301. Cette masse n\u2019a pas e\u0301te\u0301 perdue, elle s\u2019est juste transforme\u0301e en e\u0301nergie thermique, le lien entre les deux e\u0301tant exprime\u0301 par la fameuse formule E=mc2 de\u0301rive\u0301e des travaux d\u2019Albert Einstein.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pour e\u0302tre utilise\u0301 afin de produire de l\u2019e\u0301lectricite\u0301, il faut re\u0301ussir a\u0300 contro\u0302ler la re\u0301action pour re\u0301cupe\u0301rer l\u2019e\u0301nergie dans le but de faire tourner des turbines. Cela n\u2019est possible que si la matie\u0300re est chauffe\u0301e au-dela\u0300 de 150 millions de degre\u0301s. A\u0300 ces tempe\u0301ratures, le plasma ne doit pas rentrer en contact direct avec les parois de l\u2019e\u0301ventuel re\u0301acteur. C\u2019est pourquoi la recherche s\u2019est oriente\u0301e vers des chambres a\u0300 vide (compartiments vide\u0301s de l\u2019air qu\u2019il contient), toriques (ayant la forme d\u2019un donut), a\u0300 confinement magne\u0301tique (le plasma est maintenu hors du contact des parois a\u0300 l\u2019aide d\u2019e\u0301lectro-aimants). Aussi appele\u0301 tokamaks, ils sont brevete\u0301s pour la premie\u0300re fois par des chercheurs britanniques en 1946.<\/p>\n

Le plus grand tokamak ope\u0301rationnel lance\u0301 au Japon<\/b><\/p>\n

Le confinement du plasma se faisant gra\u0302ce a\u0300 des e\u0301lectro-aimants, ce dernier est tre\u0300s demandeur en e\u0301nergie. Les chercheurs du domaine essaient donc de ge\u0301ne\u0301rer plus d\u2019e\u0301nergie par la fusion que ce qui est utilise\u0301 pour faire fonctionner les bobines. Montrer la faisabilite\u0301 d\u2019une telle installation est l\u2019objectif premier du projet Iter (re\u0301acteur thermonucle\u0301aire expe\u0301rimental international) base\u0301 dans les Bouches-du-Rho\u0302ne.<\/p>\n

Le Japon, dans le cadre de la collaboration Iter, a effectivement lance\u0301, le 1er de\u0301cembre 2023, le fonctionnement du plus grand tokamak ope\u0301rationnel. Ce dernier ne produira pas d\u2019e\u0301lectricite\u0301, mais servira a\u0300 re\u0301aliser des expe\u0301riences avant la finalisation du tokamak Iter. Les premiers plasmas d\u2019Iter sont pre\u0301vus pour 2030.<\/p>\n

Bien que la fusion soit prometteuse par l\u2019abondance de combustibles, et la faible radioactivite\u0301 des de\u0301chets, cette dernie\u0300re n\u2019alimentera donc pas nos habitations de sito\u0302t, pas avant la fin des anne\u0301es 2040 d\u2019apre\u0300s une e\u0301tude parue en septembre 2023 dans la revue Energy.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Le Japon a de\u0301marre\u0301 le premier re\u0301acteur a\u0300 fusion nucle\u0301aire. Pouvez-vous nous expliquer les diffe\u0301rences entre la fusion et la fission et nous dire si elle sera disponible pour tous biento\u0302t ?\u201d, nous demande Joel Daigle sur notre page Facebook. C\u2019est notre question de lecteur de la semaine. Merci […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":10712,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-10713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nFusion nucl\u00e9aire et fission nucl\u00e9aire\u00a0: quelles diff\u00e9rences ? - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le Japon a de\u0301marre\u0301 le premier re\u0301acteur a\u0300 fusion nucle\u0301aire. 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