{"id":11126,"date":"2024-01-08T22:57:13","date_gmt":"2024-01-08T22:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/aux-origines-de-la-vie-des-bacteries-photosynthetiques-vieilles-de-175-milliard-dannees-ont-ete-decouvertes"},"modified":"2024-01-09T07:28:39","modified_gmt":"2024-01-09T07:28:39","slug":"aux-origines-de-la-vie-des-bacteries-photosynthetiques-vieilles-de-175-milliard-dannees-ont-ete-decouvertes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/aux-origines-de-la-vie-des-bacteries-photosynthetiques-vieilles-de-175-milliard-dannees-ont-ete-decouvertes","title":{"rendered":"Aux origines de la vie : des bact\u00e9ries photosynth\u00e9tiques vieilles de 1,75 milliard d\u2019ann\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvertes"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Les premie\u0300res bacte\u0301ries capables de photosynthe\u0300se oxyge\u0301nique (produisant de l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne), a\u0300 la manie\u0300re de ce qui deviendra les plantes, sont apparues il y a au moins 1,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es, ont de\u0301couvert des chercheurs de l\u2019Universite\u0301 de Lie\u0300ge (Belgique). C\u2019est la preuve directe la plus ancienne de la pre\u0301sence des microstructures photosynthe\u0301tiques appele\u0301es \u201cthylakoi\u0308des\u201d, a\u0300 la base du re\u0300gne ve\u0301ge\u0301tal moderne.<\/p>\n

Des cyanobacte\u0301ries a\u0300 l\u2019origine des chloroplastes ve\u0301ge\u0301taux vieux de 1,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es<\/b><\/p>\n

Sous le microscope des chercheurs, des assemblages de microfossiles australiens datant de 1,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es \u2013 soit 1,5 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es avant l\u2019apparition des dinosaures \u2013 sont soigneusement observe\u0301s. Les scientifiques les soupc\u0327onnent de renfermer des cyanobacte\u0301ries, ces bacte\u0301ries capables de photosynthe\u0300se oxyge\u0301nique et qui ont pre\u0301ce\u0301de\u0301 les plantes. Nettoye\u0301s a\u0300 l\u2019acide pour ne conserver que la matie\u0300re organique, puis inclus dans de la re\u0301sine et coupe\u0301s au couteau diamant, les e\u0301chantillons sont a\u0300 pre\u0301sent re\u0301duits en tranches si fines que les e\u0301lectrons passent au travers.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est ainsi, gra\u0302ce a\u0300 la microscopie e\u0301lectronique a\u0300 transmission, que les scientifiques font une de\u0301couverte e\u0301tonnante. Une ultrastructure microscopique essentielle a\u0300 la photosynthe\u0300se ve\u0301ge\u0301tale telle que nous la connaissons aujourd\u2019hui, mais dont on ne connaissait pas de fossile plus vieux que 0,55 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es: des thylakoi\u0308des. \u201cLes thylakoides sont uniques aux cyanobacte\u0301ries et aux chloroplastes des plantes et des algues\u201d, explique Emmanuelle Javaux, biologiste et ge\u0301ologue qui a dirige\u0301 ces travaux publie\u0301s dans la revue Nature. Et pour cause: a\u0300 l\u2019origine, les chloroplastes sont des cyanobacte\u0301ries qui ont e\u0301te\u0301 internalise\u0301es par des cellules eucaryotes \u2013 les cellules avec noyau composant entre autres les animaux et les plantes.<\/p>\n

Comprendre la Grande Oxyge\u0301nation de la Terre<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u2019est donc prouve\u0301: les cyanobacte\u0301ries posse\u0301dant des thylakoi\u0308des, a\u0300 l\u2019origine de la vie ve\u0301ge\u0301tale, existaient de\u0301ja\u0300 il y a 1,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es ! Si c\u2019est important, c\u2019est que les cyanobacte\u0301ries en ge\u0301ne\u0301ral et celles posse\u0301dant des thylakoi\u0308des en particulier ont joue\u0301 un ro\u0302le fondamental dans l\u2019e\u0301mergence des formes de vie complexes que nous connaissons. Il y a 2,4 milliards d\u2019anne\u0301es, l\u2019atmosphe\u0300re terrestre s\u2019enrichit fortement en oxyge\u0300ne de fac\u0327on permanente, atteignant jusqu\u2019a\u0300 5% de la composition de l\u2019air \u2013 contre 20% environ de nos jours. C\u2019est ce que les scientifiques appellent la Grande Oxydation (GOE en anglais pour Great Oxygenation Event).<\/p>\n

Anciennement peuple\u0301e majoritairement d\u2019organismes anae\u0301robies (pour lesquels l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne est un poison), la Terre accueille de plus en plus de cyanobacte\u0301ries, productrices d\u2019oxyge\u0300ne par photosynthe\u0300se oxyge\u0301nique. \u201cLes cyanobacte\u0301ries utilisent le CO2, la lumie\u0300re du soleil et l\u2019eau pour produire des sucres et de l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne\u201d, pre\u0301cise Emmanuelle Javaux. Un processus qui existait probablement de\u0301ja\u0300 il y a trois milliards d\u2019anne\u0301es chez les cyanobacte\u0301ries de\u0301pourvues de thylakoi\u0308des, les premie\u0300res a\u0300 e\u0302tre apparues, mais dont l\u2019efficacite\u0301 est de\u0301cuple\u0301e chez celles qui en posse\u0300dent.<\/p>\n

\u201cL\u2019apparition des thylakoides chez les cyanobacte\u0301ries a pu amplifier le GOE\u201d, sugge\u0300re Emmanuelle Javaux. Pour le savoir, il faut aller encore plus loin, a\u0300 la recherche des thylakoi\u0308des encore plus anciens. Un travail patient et me\u0301ticuleux, tant la formation de fossiles de\u0301pend d\u2019une multitude de conditions qui peuvent alte\u0301rer de\u0301finitivement les roches et les traces de vie qu\u2019elles rece\u0300lent. \u201cNous n\u2019e\u0301tions pas certains que des fossiles vieux d\u20191,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es pre\u0301servent des microstructures a\u0300 l\u2019inte\u0301rieur des cellules fossiles !\u201d, se rappelle la biologiste. Des te\u0301moins inestimables d\u2019une vie microscopique \u201cla plus diverse sur Terre depuis les origines de la vie\u201d que la scientifique conside\u0300re toujours comme des \u201ctre\u0301sors\u201d, ajoute-t-elle en souriant.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Les premie\u0300res bacte\u0301ries capables de photosynthe\u0300se oxyge\u0301nique (produisant de l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne), a\u0300 la manie\u0300re de ce qui deviendra les plantes, sont apparues il y a au moins 1,75 milliard d\u2019anne\u0301es, ont de\u0301couvert des chercheurs de l\u2019Universite\u0301 de Lie\u0300ge (Belgique). C\u2019est la preuve directe la plus ancienne de la pre\u0301sence des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":11125,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-11126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nAux origines de la vie : des bact\u00e9ries photosynth\u00e9tiques vieilles de 1,75 milliard d\u2019ann\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvertes - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les premie\u0300res bacte\u0301ries capables de photosynthe\u0300se oxyge\u0301nique (produisant de l\u2019oxyge\u0300ne), a\u0300 la manie\u0300re de ce qui de ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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