{"id":11574,"date":"2024-01-29T21:16:54","date_gmt":"2024-01-29T21:16:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/dans-notre-adn-un-retrovirus-de-500-millions-dannees-controle-les-embryons"},"modified":"2024-01-29T22:45:08","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T22:45:08","slug":"dans-notre-adn-un-retrovirus-de-500-millions-dannees-controle-les-embryons","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/dans-notre-adn-un-retrovirus-de-500-millions-dannees-controle-les-embryons","title":{"rendered":"Dans Notre ADN, un R\u00e9trovirus de 500 Millions D\u2019ann\u00e9es \u201ccontr\u00f4le\u201d les Embryons"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Environ 8% de notre ge\u0301nome a e\u0301te\u0301 he\u0301rite\u0301 de re\u0301trovirus. Ces derniers ont infecte\u0301 des organismes primitifs, des e\u0302tres vivants \u2013 qui sont nos ance\u0302tres tre\u0300s lointains \u2013 il y a des millions d\u2019anne\u0301es. Mais ce mate\u0301riel ge\u0301ne\u0301tique fait toujours partie de notre ADN. Longtemps, la science a pense\u0301 que cet \u201cADN poubelle\u201d ne servait a\u0300 rien. Mais des chercheurs espagnols viennent de montrer qu\u2019au contraire, ils ont joue\u0301 un ro\u0302le crucial dans notre de\u0301veloppement. C\u2019est gra\u0302ce a\u0300 ces re\u0301trovirus he\u0301rite\u0301s il y a des millions d\u2019anne\u0301es que les embryons humains parviennent a\u0300 se de\u0301velopper.<\/p>\n

Il y a environ 500 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es, \u201cl\u2019explosion cambrienne\u201d survenait sur Terre. Durant cette pe\u0301riode, les e\u0302tres vivants qui peuplent la plane\u0300te connaissent un boom: la biodiversite\u0301 se de\u0301veloppe a\u0300 grande vitesse. \u201cLes organismes multicellulaires e\u0301mergent notamment dans les oce\u0301ans. Les inverte\u0301bre\u0301s, les animaux sans colonne verte\u0301brale, e\u0301taient alors dominants. En paralle\u0300le, les premiers verte\u0301bre\u0301s, les ance\u0302tres des poissons et autres verte\u0301bre\u0301s d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, e\u0301voluent. Des organismes ressemblant a\u0300 des poissons dote\u0301s de structures squelettiques primitives ont commence\u0301 a\u0300 apparai\u0302tre. Des formes simples d\u2019algues et de plantes primitives e\u0301taient pre\u0301sentes, contribuant a\u0300 la diversite\u0301 globale des e\u0301cosyste\u0300mes\u201d, explique Nabil Djouder, a\u0300 la te\u0302te de l\u2019e\u0301quipe de recherche Facteurs de croissance, nutriments et cancer au CNIO, le centre de recherche espagnol contre le cancer.<\/p>\n

L\u2019ADN \u201cpoubelle\u201d, un pre\u0301cieux patrimoine<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u2019est a\u0300 cette e\u0301poque que des re\u0301trovirus parviennent a\u0300 s\u2019inte\u0301grer dans l\u2019ADN des animaux re\u0301cemment apparus. Ce passage dans le ge\u0301nome des e\u0302tres vivants n\u2019a pas e\u0301te\u0301 \u201cpre\u0301me\u0301dite\u0301\u201d par les re\u0301trovirus. Il s\u2019agit pluto\u0302t d\u2019un processus fortuit. \u201cLes re\u0301trovirus sont des virus a\u0300 ARN qui ont la capacite\u0301 unique de transcrire leur ge\u0301nome ARN en ADN. Ce dernier peut ensuite e\u0302tre inte\u0301gre\u0301 dans l\u2019ADN de la cellule ho\u0302te\u201d, explique Nabil Djouder. Si la cellule infecte\u0301e est une cellule germinale, un spermatozoi\u0308de ou un ovule, le virus peut e\u0302tre transmis a\u0300 la ge\u0301ne\u0301ration suivante lors de la reproduction sexue\u0301e. \u201cAttention, il est important de noter que toutes les infections virales ne conduisent pas a\u0300 une inte\u0301gration dans le ge\u0301nome de l\u2019ho\u0302te. Dans la plupart des cas, le syste\u0300me immunitaire peut e\u0301liminer l\u2019infection virale sans inte\u0301gration.\u201d<\/p>\n

Au fil du temps, les restes viraux dans le ge\u0301nome sont des se\u0301quences qui ont e\u0301te\u0301 inte\u0301gre\u0301es dans le ge\u0301nome de l\u2019ho\u0302te au cours de l\u2019e\u0301volution, en e\u0301tant sans cesse transmis au ge\u0301ne\u0301ration futures. Si bien qu\u2019environ 8% de notre ADN d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui est constitue\u0301 de \u201crestes\u201d de ces re\u0301trovirus d\u2019il y a 500 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es. Longtemps, cet ADN a e\u0301te\u0301 conside\u0301re\u0301 comme de l\u2019ADN \u201cpoubelle\u201d. \u201cOn a longtemps appele\u0301 comme c\u0327a le petit pourcentage du ge\u0301nome qui ne semblait pas coder pour des prote\u0301ines ni jouer un ro\u0302le fonctionnel clair. De nombreux scientifiques pensaient autrefois que ces re\u0301gions non codantes, y compris les restes viraux, e\u0301taient essentiellement des restes e\u0301volutifs sans but ni fonction\u201d, explique Nabil Djouder. Mais au fil des recherches, il est devenu e\u0301vident que de nombreuses re\u0301gions non codantes, y compris certains restes viraux, jouent un ro\u0302le important dans les fonctions de re\u0301gulation, l\u2019expression des ge\u0300nes et la stabilite\u0301 du ge\u0301nome.<\/p>\n

De deux a\u0300 quatre cellules, une e\u0301tape cle\u0301<\/b><\/p>\n

Et les nouveaux travaux publie\u0301s par l\u2019e\u0301quipe de Nabil Djouder dans la revue Science Advances vont largement dans ce sens: c\u2019est le mate\u0301riel ge\u0301ne\u0301tique he\u0301rite\u0301 des re\u0301trovirus qui dicte le rythme de de\u0301veloppement des embryons. Le me\u0301canisme intervient tout au de\u0301but de la gestation, apre\u0300s la fe\u0301condation, lorsque les premie\u0300res cellules se divisent. Quand l\u2019embryon n\u2019est encore compose\u0301 que de deux cellules, ces dernie\u0300res sont totipotentes. Elles peuvent se de\u0301velopper n\u2019importe quel type de cellules, des tissus ou des organes de l\u2019organisme. Lors de l\u2019e\u0301tape d\u2019apre\u0300s, quand ces deux cellules se divisent pour former quatre cellules, la pluripotence apparai\u0302t. \u201cC\u2019est une e\u0301tape encore plus spe\u0301cialise\u0301e. Les cellules pluripotentes ont la capacite\u0301 de se diffe\u0301rencier en n\u2019importe quel type de cellule de l\u2019organisme mais ne peuvent pas former de tissus extra-embryonnaires tels que le placenta. Ces cellules jouent un ro\u0302le crucial dans les premiers stades du de\u0301veloppement embryonnaire et donnent naissance aux diffe\u0301rentes couches cellulaires qui forment les diffe\u0301rents tissus et organes de l\u2019organisme\u201d, explique le dernier auteur de l\u2019e\u0301tude.<\/p>\n

Or justement, si la pluripotence apparai\u0302t chez les embryons de quatre cellules, c\u2019est gra\u0302ce aux re\u0301trovirus et la prote\u0301ine MERVL qu\u2019ils nous ont transmise. C\u2019est elle qui active et de\u0301sactive le ge\u0300ne URI, qui donne la pluripotence. \u201cLorsqu\u2019il n\u2019y a que deux cellules dans l\u2019ovocyte, l\u2019expression de la prote\u0301ine virale MERVL est e\u0301leve\u0301e. A mesure que l\u2019expression de MERVL diminue, elle laisse le ge\u0300ne URI entrer en action, et la pluripotence apparai\u0302t\u201d, explique Nabil Djouder. Les re\u0301trovirus contro\u0302lent directement les facteurs de pluripotence et donc le de\u0301veloppement des embryons.<\/p>\n

Une co-e\u0301volution de millions d\u2019anne\u0301es<\/b><\/p>\n

Mais quel a e\u0301te\u0301 l\u2019inte\u0301re\u0302t des re\u0301trovirus, il y a 500 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es, a\u0300 s\u2019inte\u0301grer dans le ge\u0301nome des e\u0302tres vivants ? Justement, il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019un inte\u0301re\u0302t e\u0301volutif, qui aurait permis de \u201cfaire prospe\u0301rer l\u2019espe\u0300ce\u201d, selon la the\u0301orie darwinienne. Les re\u0301trovirus n\u2019ont pas vraiment \u201ccherche\u0301\u201d a\u0300 fac\u0327onner activement l\u2019e\u0301volution des organismes ho\u0302tes pour leur survie. Il s\u2019agit pluto\u0302t d\u2019une co-e\u0301volution de plusieurs millions d\u2019anne\u0301es. \u201cIl serait faux de dire que les virus ont activement fac\u0327onne\u0301 l\u2019e\u0301volution du ge\u0301nome de l\u2019ho\u0302te. Au lieu de cela, leur relation est dynamique et complexe, entrai\u0302nant divers re\u0301sultats au cours du temps e\u0301volutif, certains restes viraux e\u0301tant re\u0301utilise\u0301s par l\u2019ho\u0302te pour des fonctions be\u0301ne\u0301fiques\u201d, nuance Nabil Djouder.<\/p>\n

Au-dela\u0300 de cette fascinante histoire de notre e\u0301volution, cette de\u0301couverte pourrait susciter l\u2019inte\u0301re\u0302t dans la me\u0301decine re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0301rative. Ce domaine, axe\u0301 sur la re\u0301paration, le remplacement ou la re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0301ration de cellules, de tissus ou d\u2019organes pour restaurer une fonction du corps humain, utilise des cellules souches. Des cellules d\u2019embryons encore indiffe\u0301rencie\u0301es. De me\u0302me, ces nouveaux re\u0301sultats pourraient aussi profiter a\u0300 la cre\u0301ation d\u2019embryons de synthe\u0300se, utilise\u0301s pour mieux comprendre les premiers stades du de\u0301veloppement humain et expliquer les fausses couches.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Environ 8% de notre ge\u0301nome a e\u0301te\u0301 he\u0301rite\u0301 de re\u0301trovirus. Ces derniers ont infecte\u0301 des organismes primitifs, des e\u0302tres vivants \u2013 qui sont nos ance\u0302tres tre\u0300s lointains \u2013 il y a des millions d\u2019anne\u0301es. Mais ce mate\u0301riel ge\u0301ne\u0301tique fait toujours partie de notre ADN. Longtemps, la science a pense\u0301 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":11573,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-11574","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nDans Notre ADN, un R\u00e9trovirus de 500 Millions D\u2019ann\u00e9es \u201ccontr\u00f4le\u201d les Embryons - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Environ 8% de notre ge\u0301nome a e\u0301te\u0301 he\u0301rite\u0301 de re\u0301trovirus. 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