{"id":11761,"date":"2024-02-05T19:09:21","date_gmt":"2024-02-05T19:09:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/en-antarctique-lile-de-la-deception-fenetre-sur-la-vie-extraterrestre"},"modified":"2024-02-05T21:39:32","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T21:39:32","slug":"en-antarctique-lile-de-la-deception-fenetre-sur-la-vie-extraterrestre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/en-antarctique-lile-de-la-deception-fenetre-sur-la-vie-extraterrestre","title":{"rendered":"En Antarctique, l\u2019\u00eele de la D\u00e9ception, fen\u00eatre sur la vie extraterrestre"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Une i\u0302le volcanique au coeur des glaces et en forme de fer a\u0300 cheval pourrait-elle e\u0302tre la re\u0301ponse a\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301nigme de la vie sur Mars? Avec un passe\u0301 bru\u0302lant et un pre\u0301sent glacial, l\u2019i\u0302le de la De\u0301ception, dans l\u2019Antarctique, donne aux chercheurs des indices sur cette possible vie extraterrestre.<\/p>\n

De\u0301ception? Tromperie devrait-on pluto\u0302t dire. Car cette i\u0302le de l\u2019archipel des Shetland du sud, a\u0300 120 km au nord de la pe\u0301ninsule Antarctique, a surtout pour caracte\u0301ristique, derrie\u0300re son apparence parfaitement circulaire, d\u2019avoir une e\u0301troite entre\u0301e maritime dissimulant une large baie prote\u0301ge\u0301e de la houle et des vents glace\u0301s.<\/p>\n

La baie, baptise\u0301e Port Foster, fut de\u0301couverte par des baleiniers ame\u0301ricains au XIXe sie\u0300cle. Les marins venaient s\u2019y mettre a\u0300 l\u2019abri des tempe\u0302tes et des icebergs. D\u2019un diame\u0300tre d\u2019environ 15 km, son point le plus haut culmine a\u0300 539 m, et pre\u0300s de 60% de l\u2019i\u0302le est recouverte par les glaces.<\/p>\n

Poissons, krill, ane\u0301mones et e\u0301ponges de mer subsistent dans cet e\u0301cosyste\u0300me unique, en contrebas d\u2019un volcan actif depuis des milliers d\u2019anne\u0301es et recouvert de neige.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Eruptions destructrices \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n

Les dernie\u0300res e\u0301ruptions, dans les anne\u0301es 1970, ont ane\u0301anti les bases scientifiques installe\u0301es au XXe sie\u0300cle mais au fil du temps, la vie a repris.<\/p>\n

Les chercheurs sont convaincus que ce lieu, ou\u0300 pingouins, phoques et otaries nagent en toute tranquillite\u0301, pre\u0301sente des caracte\u0301ristiques similaires a\u0300 celles de Mars.<\/p>\n

L\u2019e\u0301tude des micro-organismes qui y sont pre\u0301sents, capables de re\u0301sister a\u0300 des tempe\u0301ratures allant jusqu\u2019a\u0300 -28 degre\u0301s Celsius, pourrait e\u0302tre un indice de la possibilite\u0301 d\u2019une existence au-dela\u0300 de notre atmosphe\u0300re.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est \u201canalogue a\u0300 Mars parce que (la\u0300-bas) nous avons une plane\u0300te avec (un passe\u0301) d\u2019immense activite\u0301 volcanique (…) et qu\u2019actuellement il y a des conditions tre\u0300s froides\u201d, explique a\u0300 l\u2019AFP le ge\u0301ologue plane\u0301taire espagnol Miguel de Pablo.<\/p>\n

L\u2019analyse des roches de l\u2019i\u0302le de la De\u0301ception comple\u0300te le travail des inge\u0301nieurs, scientifiques et astronomes qui creusent et survolent de\u0301ja\u0300 Mars avec des robots.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u2019est la meilleure approche possible pour comprendre Mars sans poser le pied sur cette plane\u0300te situe\u0301e a\u0300 225 millions de kilome\u0300tres de la Terre\u201d, poursuit M. de Pablo, professeur a\u0300 l\u2019universite\u0301 espagnole d\u2019Alcala\u0301 et responsable du re\u0301seau de surveillance des sols gele\u0301s de l\u2019Antarctique.<\/p>\n

Les vestiges rouille\u0301s d\u2019anciennes bases scientifiques sont encore visibles sur l\u2019i\u0302le de 89,5 km2, ou\u0300 l\u2019on trouve des sources chaudes.<\/p>\n

Des mousses et des lichens uniques poussent a\u0300 la surface. Des milliers d\u2019oiseaux y nichent e\u0301galement, selon l\u2019Universite\u0301 nationale de Colombie, qui elle aussi e\u0301tudie sa similitude avec Mars.<\/p>\n

Pour Wilson Andre\u0301s Ri\u0301os, capitaine de fre\u0301gate dans la marine colombienne et chercheur, les changements subis sur l\u2019i\u0302le de la De\u0301ception, comme dans tout l\u2019Antarctique, s\u2019expliquent par \u201cl\u2019e\u0301volution de l\u2019intervention humaine\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u201cTerre de paix et de recherche\u201d \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n

Au de\u0301but du sie\u0300cle dernier, l\u2019i\u0302le a e\u0301te\u0301 le the\u0301a\u0302tre d\u2019une \u201cchasse aveugle\u201d aux phoques et aux baleines, raconte M. Ri\u0301os, l\u2019un des membres de la 10e expe\u0301dition scientifique colombienne, qui sillonne les eaux depuis le port caribe\u0301en de Carthage\u0300ne jusqu\u2019a\u0300 ce coin recule\u0301 de la plane\u0300te a\u0300 bord de l\u2019ARC Simon Bolivar.<\/p>\n

En 1931, une usine de traitement d\u2019huile de baleine installe\u0301e par des Norve\u0301giens a ferme\u0301 ses portes et en 1944, l\u2019i\u0302le est devenue le sie\u0300ge d\u2019une base scientifique britannique, apre\u0300s une expe\u0301dition lance\u0301e pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale pour occuper les territoires de l\u2019Antarctique, baptise\u0301e Ope\u0301ration Tabarin. Les Chiliens y ont e\u0301galement installe\u0301 des stations scientifiques.<\/p>\n

Vue des vestiges de la Hector Whaling Company a\u0300 Whaler\u2019s Bay sur l\u2019i\u0302le de la De\u0301ception, dans la pe\u0301ninsule occidentale de l\u2019Antarctique, le 24 janvier 2024 (AFP \u2013 Juan BARRETO)<\/p>\n

Apre\u0300s les e\u0301ruptions destructrices de 1967 et 1969, l\u2019i\u0302le est de\u0301clare\u0301e \u201cterre de paix et de recherche\u201d, l\u2019une de ces zones spe\u0301cialement prote\u0301ge\u0301es internationalement de l\u2019Antarctique.<\/p>\n

Sous le regard jaloux des chercheurs, des milliers de touristes y de\u0301barquent sur des bateaux de croisie\u0300re, un phe\u0301nome\u0300ne \u201cen augmentation inquie\u0301tante\u201d, selon l\u2019historienne et mai\u0302tre en ge\u0301ographie Natalia Jaramillo, coordinatrice scientifique de l\u2019expe\u0301dition.<\/p>\n

Bien que les tempe\u0301ratures sur Mars soient beaucoup plus basses \u2013 jusqu\u2019a\u0300 -153 degre\u0301s Celsius selon la Nasa, l\u2019agence spatiale ame\u0301ricaine -, M. De Pablo est convaincu de la contribution de l\u2019i\u0302le a\u0300 la science et a\u0300 une humanite\u0301 tourne\u0301e vers l\u2019espace extra-atmosphe\u0301rique.<\/p>\n

En 2023, des chercheurs de la Nasa ont conclu que Mars avait autrefois un climat avec des saisons cycliques qui e\u0301tait propice au de\u0301veloppement de la vie, selon les conclusions des indices trouve\u0301s sur la plane\u0300te rouge par le rover autonome Curiosity.<\/p>\n

Ils supposent e\u0301galement qu\u2019une immense e\u0301ruption volcanique a modifie\u0301 son atmosphe\u0300re et entrai\u0302ne\u0301 l\u2019apparition d\u2019oce\u0301ans et de rivie\u0300res ensuite e\u0301vapore\u0301s.<\/p>\n

\u201cLes conditions de l\u2019Antarctique peuvent nous aider a\u0300 comprendre si les conditions ne\u0301cessaires au de\u0301veloppement de la vie pourraient e\u0302tre ou avoir e\u0301te\u0301 pre\u0301sentes sur Mars\u201d, ajoute M. De Pablo.<\/p>\n

\u201cNous ne sommes pas su\u0302rs a\u0300 100% (des re\u0301sultats), mais c\u2019est un moyen de de\u0301finir les choses qui ont pu se produire (sur Mars) ou d\u2019en exclure d\u2019autres\u201d, conclut-il.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Une i\u0302le volcanique au coeur des glaces et en forme de fer a\u0300 cheval pourrait-elle e\u0302tre la re\u0301ponse a\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301nigme de la vie sur Mars? Avec un passe\u0301 bru\u0302lant et un pre\u0301sent glacial, l\u2019i\u0302le de la De\u0301ception, dans l\u2019Antarctique, donne aux chercheurs des indices sur cette possible vie extraterrestre. 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