{"id":11969,"date":"2024-02-17T20:22:01","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T20:22:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/un-virus-a-radicalement-transforme-le-cerveau-de-nos-ancetres"},"modified":"2024-02-17T21:56:55","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T21:56:55","slug":"un-virus-a-radicalement-transforme-le-cerveau-de-nos-ancetres","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/un-virus-a-radicalement-transforme-le-cerveau-de-nos-ancetres","title":{"rendered":"Un virus a radicalement transform\u00e9 le cerveau de nos anc\u00eatres"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Et si un re\u0301trovirus e\u0301tait responsable de l\u2019architecture de notre cerveau ? Et me\u0302me de celle de tous les verte\u0301bre\u0301s, amphibiens, poissons, reptiles et mammife\u0300res. C\u2019est en tout cas l\u2019opinion des chercheurs de l\u2019Institut des sciences de Cambridge qui publient, dans la revue Cell, une e\u0301tude sur la mye\u0301line, un tissu adipeux qui enveloppe les axones. Cette substance contribue a\u0300 une conduction plus rapide des impulsions nerveuses et sert e\u0301galement de structure de soutien aux nerfs.<\/p>\n

La mye\u0301line est apparue pour la premie\u0300re fois dans l\u2019arbre de vie a\u0300 peu pre\u0300s au me\u0302me moment que les ma\u0302choires (il y a 360 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es) et son importance dans l\u2019e\u0301volution des verte\u0301bre\u0301s est reconnue depuis longtemps, mais jusqu\u2019a\u0300 pre\u0301sent, on ne savait pas quels me\u0301canismes mole\u0301culaires avaient de\u0301clenche\u0301 son apparition.<\/p>\n

Une ancienne infection<\/b><\/p>\n

C\u2019est en travaillant sur les re\u0301seaux de ge\u0300nes mobilise\u0301s par les cellules productrices de mye\u0301line, les oligodendrocytes, que les scientifiques ont identifie\u0301 une se\u0301quence ge\u0301ne\u0301tique de\u0301rive\u0301e d\u2019un re\u0301trovirus et qui est indispensable pour la synthe\u0300se de la mye\u0301line. Elle a e\u0301te\u0301 baptise\u0301e RetroMyelin: \u201celle est essentielle dans l\u2019expression de la prote\u0301ine basique de la mye\u0301line et a\u0300 d\u2019autres ge\u0300nes vitaux pour la mye\u0301linisation. L\u2019ARN de RetroMyelin se lie a\u0300 un facteur de transcription, SOX10, et facilite la transcription des ge\u0300nes critiques de la mye\u0301line\u201d, explique, a\u0300 Sciences et Avenir, Tanay Ghosh, premier auteur de l\u2019article.<\/p>\n

Pour s\u2019assurer de la fonction de RetroMyelin, la se\u0301quence a e\u0301te\u0301 inhibe\u0301e expe\u0301rimentalement dans les oligodendrocytes et les cellules proge\u0301nitrices des oligodendrocytes (les cellules souches dont sont de\u0301rive\u0301s les oligodendrocytes) de rongeurs. Et ceux-ci n\u2019ont plus e\u0301te\u0301 capables de produire de la mye\u0301line.<\/p>\n

L\u2019e\u0301quipe a ensuite voulu savoir si RetroMyelin e\u0301tait pre\u0301sent chez d\u2019autres espe\u0300ces de verte\u0301bre\u0301s et a recherche\u0301 des se\u0301quences similaires dans les ge\u0301nomes de verte\u0301bre\u0301s a\u0300 ma\u0302choires, de verte\u0301bre\u0301s sans ma\u0302choires et de plusieurs espe\u0300ces d\u2019inverte\u0301bre\u0301s. Ils ont identifie\u0301 des se\u0301quences analogues dans toutes les autres classes de verte\u0301bre\u0301s a\u0300 ma\u0302choires (oiseaux, poissons, reptiles et amphibiens), mais ils n\u2019ont pas identifie\u0301 RetroMyelin chez les verte\u0301bre\u0301s sans ma\u0302choire ainsi que chez les inverte\u0301bre\u0301s.<\/p>\n

Pas d\u2019origine commune<\/b><\/p>\n

Il fallait aussi de\u0301terminer si l\u2019infection s\u2019e\u0301tait produite une fois chez un ance\u0302tre commun a\u0300 tous les verte\u0301bre\u0301s a\u0300 ma\u0302choires ou si le re\u0301trovirus avait infecte\u0301 les diffe\u0301rents groupes de fac\u0327on inde\u0301pendante. Pour re\u0301pondre a\u0300 ces questions, les scientifiques ont construit un arbre phyloge\u0301ne\u0301tique a\u0300 partir de 22 espe\u0300ces de verte\u0301bre\u0301s a\u0300 ma\u0302choires et ont compare\u0301 leurs se\u0301quences de RetroMyelin. L\u2019analyse a re\u0301ve\u0301le\u0301 que les se\u0301quences de RetroMyelin e\u0301taient plus similaires au sein des espe\u0300ces qu\u2019entre diffe\u0301rentes espe\u0300ces, ce qui sugge\u0300re qu\u2019il y a eu plusieurs vagues d\u2019infection au sein des verte\u0301bre\u0301s. \u201cIl n\u2019est toutefois pas possible de de\u0301terminer le moment ou\u0300 chaque branche a e\u0301te\u0301 infecte\u0301e\u201d, explique Tanay Ghosh.<\/p>\n

Et pourquoi cette se\u0301quence est-elle absente chez les verte\u0301bre\u0301s sans ma\u0302choires et les inverte\u0301bre\u0301s ? Ont-ils e\u0301chappe\u0301 a\u0300 ces vagues successives d\u2019infections ? \u201cC\u2019est la\u0300 aussi une question difficile: le destin des se\u0301quences re\u0301trovirales dans le ge\u0301nome d\u2019une espe\u0300ce, qu\u2019elles restent ou disparaissent, est de\u0301termine\u0301 par des forces naturelles, comme la fac\u0327on dont les espe\u0300ces s\u2019adaptent au fil du temps. Chez certains animaux de\u0301pourvus de ma\u0302choires et autres inverte\u0301bre\u0301s, ces restes viraux auraient pu disparai\u0302tre parce qu\u2019ils n\u2019e\u0301taient pas fermement e\u0301tablis. La raison exacte n\u2019est pas encore connue\u201d, explique le biologiste.<\/p>\n

Avantage e\u0301volutif<\/b><\/p>\n

\u201cNos re\u0301sultats ouvrent une nouvelle voie de recherche pour explorer comment les re\u0301trovirus sont plus ge\u0301ne\u0301ralement implique\u0301s dans l\u2019e\u0301volution\u201d, souligne Tanay Ghosh. De fait, RetroMyelin a joue\u0301 un ro\u0302le majeur dans l\u2019architecture du cerveau et du corps des verte\u0301bre\u0301s a\u0300 ma\u0302choires: en acce\u0301le\u0301rant les impulsions sans augmenter le diame\u0300tre des fibres nerveuses, la mye\u0301line a permis de former des cerveaux plus denses avec des nerfs plus proches. De plus, elle fournit aussi un soutien me\u0301tabolique aux nerfs, ce qui signifie que les nerfs peuvent e\u0302tre plus longs et donc que les corps peuvent e\u0302tre plus grands. Enfin, l\u2019augmentation de vitesse de conduction du signal nerveux a permis a\u0300 ces verte\u0301bre\u0301s de re\u0301agir plus vite face aux menaces ou en poursuivant une proie, ce qui leur a procure\u0301 un inde\u0301niable avantage e\u0301volutif.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Et si un re\u0301trovirus e\u0301tait responsable de l\u2019architecture de notre cerveau ? Et me\u0302me de celle de tous les verte\u0301bre\u0301s, amphibiens, poissons, reptiles et mammife\u0300res. C\u2019est en tout cas l\u2019opinion des chercheurs de l\u2019Institut des sciences de Cambridge qui publient, dans la revue Cell, une e\u0301tude sur la mye\u0301line, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":11967,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-11969","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nUn virus a radicalement transform\u00e9 le cerveau de nos anc\u00eatres - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Et si un re\u0301trovirus e\u0301tait responsable de l\u2019architecture de notre cerveau ? 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