{"id":12310,"date":"2024-03-09T19:29:55","date_gmt":"2024-03-09T19:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/le-mystere-de-la-longevite-des-ovocytes-enfin-resolu"},"modified":"2024-03-09T21:21:01","modified_gmt":"2024-03-09T21:21:01","slug":"le-mystere-de-la-longevite-des-ovocytes-enfin-resolu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-mystere-de-la-longevite-des-ovocytes-enfin-resolu","title":{"rendered":"Le myst\u00e8re de la long\u00e9vit\u00e9 des ovocytes enfin r\u00e9solu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>A la naissance, les femmes posse\u0300dent une re\u0301serve ovarienne limite\u0301e. Elle contient environ 1 million d\u2019ovocytes, c\u2019est-a\u0300-dire de cellules reproductrices immatures, qui restent intactes pendant 50 ans, a\u0302ge moyen de la me\u0301nopause. Une longe\u0301vite\u0301 remarquable puisque de nombreux autres types de cellules succombent a\u0300 un facteur nocif re\u0301pandu: les prote\u0301ines endommage\u0301es. Alors comment les ovocytes peuvent-ils e\u0301chapper a\u0300 cette usure ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Des chercheurs du Centre de re\u0301gulation ge\u0301nomique (CRG) de Barcelone ont mis en e\u0301vidence le me\u0301canisme biologique derrie\u0300re ce pouvoir e\u0301tonnant. Leurs re\u0301sultats ont e\u0301te\u0301 publie\u0301s dans la revue Cell.<\/p>\n

Des cellules vulne\u0301rables aux prote\u0301ines toxiques<\/b><\/p>\n

Les prote\u0301ines mal replie\u0301es ou endommage\u0301es s\u2019agre\u0300gent parfois en amas. \u201cSi rien n\u2019est fait, ces substances nocives s\u2019accumulent dans le cytoplasme des cellules et ont des effets hautement toxiques\u201d, expliquent les chercheurs de l\u2019e\u0301tude. Par exemple, la maladie d\u2019Alzheimer re\u0301sulte de l\u2019agre\u0301gation de ces prote\u0301ines dans les neurones.<\/p>\n

De prime abord, neurones et ovocytes sont des cellules tout a\u0300 fait diffe\u0301rentes. Pourtant, leur nature leur confe\u0300re deux caracte\u0301ristiques communes: leur longe\u0301vite\u0301, et leur incapacite\u0301 a\u0300 se multiplier par division cellulaire. Des particularite\u0301s qui les rendent vulne\u0301rables, en the\u0301orie, aux prote\u0301ines toxiques. Pourquoi ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Les autres types de cellules disposent de deux moyens pour se de\u0301barrasser des prote\u0301ines endommage\u0301es. En se divisant, lors de la multiplication cellulaire, elles concentrent les agre\u0301gats nocifs dans une des cellules filles, pour e\u0301pargner la seconde. Une capacite\u0301 que ne posse\u0300dent ni le neurone, ni l\u2019ovocyte. D\u2019autre part, la cellule peut aussi de\u0301composer les amas a\u0300 l\u2019aide d\u2019enzymes spe\u0301cialise\u0301es, mais cette strate\u0301gie est peu viable car elle ne\u0301cessite une grande quantite\u0301 d\u2019e\u0301nergie. Le me\u0301tabolisme re\u0301duit des ovocytes ne leur permet pas l\u2019exe\u0301cution d\u2019un processus aussi cou\u0302teux.<\/p>\n

Mais que reste-t-il alors aux ovocytes pour lutter contre les amas de prote\u0301ines toxiques ? \u201cS\u2019il y a des dizaines de milliers d\u2019articles sur l\u2019agre\u0301gation des prote\u0301ines dans les neurones, la manie\u0300re dont les ovocytes de mammife\u0300res ge\u0300rent l\u2019agre\u0301gation des prote\u0301ines est relativement peu e\u0301tudie\u0301e, bien qu\u2019ils pre\u0301sentent le me\u0302me proble\u0300me de longe\u0301vite\u0301 et de non-division\u201d, explique le docteur Elvan Bo\u0308ke.<\/p>\n

Avec son e\u0301quipe, il a collecte\u0301 des milliers d\u2019ovocytes immatures, d\u2019ovules et d\u2019embryons pre\u0301coces de souris, dans l\u2019espoir d\u2019e\u0301lucider le myste\u0300re de la re\u0301sistances des ovocytes aux prote\u0301ines toxiques.<\/p>\n

Un re\u0301seau d\u2019e\u0301limination des de\u0301chets<\/b><\/p>\n

Avec des colorants spe\u0301cifiques, les chercheurs ont observe\u0301 l\u2019e\u0301volution des amas de prote\u0301ines en temps re\u0301el, notamment gra\u0302ce a\u0300 une technique d\u2019imagerie des cellules vivantes.<\/p>\n

Re\u0301sultat ? Il existe au sein des ovocytes de petites structures appele\u0301es ELVA (Assemblages ve\u0301siculaires endolysosomal). Elles parcourent le cytoplasme des cellules et capturent les agre\u0301gats de prote\u0301ines pour les neutraliser. \u201cLes cellules posse\u0300dent de nombreuses structures subcellulaires appele\u0301es organites, qui effectuent des ta\u0302ches similaires a\u0300 celles d\u2019un organe dans le corps\u201d, notent les chercheurs. \u201cLes ELVA sont comme des \u00absuper organelles \u00bb car il s\u2019agit d\u2019une association de nombreux types diffe\u0301rents de composants cellulaires, travaillant ensemble comme une seule unite\u0301\u201d. Restait a\u0300 connai\u0302tre le devenir des prote\u0301ines, encapsule\u0301es dans les ELVA.<\/p>\n

Lors de la maturation de l\u2019ovocyte, c\u2019est-a\u0300-dire au moment ou\u0300 il devient un ovule, les \u201csuper organelles\u201d migrent vers la surface. La\u0300, elles de\u0301composent les agre\u0301gats de prote\u0301ines, nettoyant comple\u0300tement le cytoplasme. \u201cUn ovocyte doit donner tout son cytoplasme a\u0300 l\u2019embryon lors de la fe\u0301condation, il ne peut donc pas se permettre l\u2019accumulation de de\u0301chets, ce qui poserait un risque existentiel pour son fonctionnement. En ce sens, les ELVA sont comme un re\u0301seau sophistique\u0301 d\u2019e\u0301limination des de\u0301chets ou une e\u0301quipe de nettoyage patrouillant dans le cytoplasme pour s\u2019assurer qu\u2019aucun agre\u0301gat ne flotte librement\u201d, re\u0301sume le docteur Gabriele Zaffagnini, premier auteur de l\u2019e\u0301tude. \u201cLes ELVA conservent ces agre\u0301gats dans un environnement confine\u0301 jusqu\u2019a\u0300 ce que l\u2019ovocyte soit pre\u0302t a\u0300 s\u2019en de\u0301barrasser d\u2019un seul coup. C\u2019est une strate\u0301gie efficace et e\u0301conome en e\u0301nergie\u201d.<\/p>\n

Les amas de prote\u0301ines pourraient contribuer a\u0300 l\u2019infertilite\u0301<\/b><\/p>\n

La mauvaise qualite\u0301 des ovocytes est la premie\u0300re cause d\u2019infertilite\u0301 fe\u0301minine. \u201cLes taux d\u2019infertilite\u0301 a\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301chelle mondiale sont en hausse, la maternite\u0301 tardive e\u0301tant l\u2019un des facteurs qui y contribuent\u201d.<\/p>\n

D\u2019apre\u0300s leurs re\u0301sultats, les chercheurs pensent que les prote\u0301ines toxiques pourraient influer sur la qualite\u0301 de l\u2019ovule et de l\u2019embryon. En effet, en inhibant la capacite\u0301 des ELVA a\u0300 de\u0301grader les amas prote\u0301iques, les chercheurs ont observe\u0301 la formation d\u2019ovules de\u0301fectueux. Plus marquant encore: quand ils ont \u201cforce\u0301\u201d les embryons a\u0300 he\u0301riter de ces prote\u0301ines toxiques, pre\u0301sentes dans l\u2019ovocyte, 3 sur 5 n\u2019ont pas atteint les premiers stades de de\u0301veloppement. Il pourrait donc s\u2019agir d\u2019un autre facteur influant sur la fertilite\u0301.<\/p>\n

Par ailleurs, les auteurs de l\u2019e\u0301tude se demandent si des organites similaires aux ELVA pourraient e\u0301galement exister au sein des neurones. Mais de nouvelles e\u0301tudes seront ne\u0301cessaires pour confirmer cette hypothe\u0300se.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. A la naissance, les femmes posse\u0300dent une re\u0301serve ovarienne limite\u0301e. Elle contient environ 1 million d\u2019ovocytes, c\u2019est-a\u0300-dire de cellules reproductrices immatures, qui restent intactes pendant 50 ans, a\u0302ge moyen de la me\u0301nopause. Une longe\u0301vite\u0301 remarquable puisque de nombreux autres types de cellules succombent a\u0300 un facteur nocif re\u0301pandu: les […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":12308,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-12310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nLe myst\u00e8re de la long\u00e9vit\u00e9 des ovocytes enfin r\u00e9solu - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A la naissance, les femmes posse\u0300dent une re\u0301serve ovarienne limite\u0301e. 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