{"id":12844,"date":"2024-04-05T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/des-ours-polaires-aux-eaux-souterraines-aucun-ecosysteme-nechappe-aux-polluants-eternels"},"modified":"2024-04-06T03:10:14","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T03:10:14","slug":"des-ours-polaires-aux-eaux-souterraines-aucun-ecosysteme-nechappe-aux-polluants-eternels","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/des-ours-polaires-aux-eaux-souterraines-aucun-ecosysteme-nechappe-aux-polluants-eternels","title":{"rendered":"Des ours polaires aux eaux souterraines, \u201caucun \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me n\u2019\u00e9chappe\u201d aux \u201cpolluants \u00e9ternels\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Invente\u0301s depuis moins d\u2019un sie\u0300cle, les PFAS, ces mole\u0301cules surnomme\u0301es \u201cpolluants e\u0301ternels\u201d qu\u2019une proposition de loi de\u0301battue jeudi veut restreindre, sont de\u0301sormais de\u0301tecte\u0301s sur toute la plane\u0300te, des neiges de l\u2019Antarctique au foie des ours polaires ou a\u0300 nos eaux souterraines. Et seule la \u201cpartie e\u0301merge\u0301e de l\u2019iceberg\u201d est connue.<\/p>\n

\u201cAucun e\u0301cosyste\u0300me n\u2019e\u0301chappe aux contaminations\u201d des substances per- et polyfluoroalkyle\u0301es, de\u0301signe\u0301es par le sigle PFAS, re\u0301sume pour l\u2019AFP Yann Aminot, chercheur a\u0300 l\u2019Institut franc\u0327ais de recherche pour l\u2019exploitation de la mer (Ifremer).<\/p>\n

Depuis six ans, ce spe\u0301cialiste de la contamination de l\u2019environnement a examine\u0301 des thons des oce\u0301ans Indien et Pacifique, des foies de dauphins du Golfe de Gascogne ou des pre\u0301le\u0300vements de parcs ostre\u0301icoles franc\u0327ais. \u201cJe crois que je n\u2019ai jamais vu un seul e\u0301chantillon exempt de contaminants perfluore\u0301s\u201d, raconte-t-il.<\/p>\n

Ces mole\u0301cules de synthe\u0300se, dont la plus connue a donne\u0301 naissance au Te\u0301flon des poe\u0302les, ont e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301veloppe\u0301es apre\u0300s-guerre pour confe\u0301rer aux emballages, peintures et reve\u0302tements une re\u0301sistance exceptionnelle a\u0300 l\u2019eau ou a\u0300 la chaleur.<\/p>\n

Une qualite\u0301 devenue une menace: \u201cs\u2019agissant de compose\u0301s persistants, qui ne se de\u0301gradent pas, et qui sont mobiles, ils vont se retrouver dans le milieu marin, qui est toujours le re\u0301ceptacle ultime des contaminations\u201d, de\u0301taille le chercheur franc\u0327ais.<\/p>\n

La prise de conscience de cette disse\u0301mination date de 2001, quand une e\u0301tude ame\u0301ricaine fit la synthe\u0300se des recherches mene\u0301es autour des Grands Lacs d\u2019Ame\u0301rique du Nord, en mer Baltique et en mer Me\u0301diterrane\u0301e: le pygargue a\u0300 te\u0302te blanche, l\u2019ours polaire, l\u2019albatros et diverses espe\u0300ces de phoques, tous e\u0301taient contamine\u0301s par le PFOS \u2013 un des PFAS utilise\u0301 dans les de\u0301tergents, les mousses anti-incendies, les cires, de\u0301sormais quasi-interdit, mais toujours pre\u0301sente dans l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n

Depuis, de multiples e\u0301tudes ont e\u0301tabli leur diffusion massive, via le transport des mole\u0301cules dans l\u2019air, l\u2019eau et a\u0300 travers la chai\u0302ne alimentaire, me\u0302me si les effets restent difficiles a\u0300 mesurer.<\/p>\n

Dans l\u2019estuaire de la Seine, re\u0301cemment scrute\u0301 par l\u2019Ifremer, tout est contamine\u0301: du zooplancton assimile\u0301 par les coquillages, eux-me\u0302mes consomme\u0301s par les petits poissons, jusqu\u2019aux soles et bars, pre\u0301dateurs en bout de chai\u0302ne alimentaire.<\/p>\n

Une fois dans l\u2019organisme, les PFAS semblent pouvoir atteindre le cerveau des verte\u0301bre\u0301s et affecter le syste\u0300me nerveux, relevaient en 2021 deux e\u0301cotoxicologues de Pittsburgh, aux E\u0301tats-Unis. Tandis qu\u2019une e\u0301tude australienne de\u0301tectait en 2022 leur pre\u0301sence dans des \u0153ufs de tortues, e\u0301tablissant une transmission de la femelle a\u0300 la proge\u0301niture.<\/p>\n

\u2013 \u201cSubstitutions regrettables\u201d \u2013<\/b><\/p>\n

Entre la Norve\u0300ge et le Groenland, plus de 100 tonnes de PFAS passent annuellement entre l\u2019oce\u0301an Atlantique Nord et l\u2019Arctique, a\u0300 travers le de\u0301troit de Fram, estime une e\u0301tude publie\u0301e en janvier par l\u2019American Chemical Society (ACS), avec des traces de\u0301tecte\u0301es a\u0300 3.000 pieds de profondeur.<\/p>\n

Si la famille des PFAS contient plus de 4.000 mole\u0301cules au moins, la contamination mondiale est la \u201cmieux documente\u0301e pour une vingtaine d\u2019entre eux, les plus stables\u201d, \u201cmais ce n\u2019est que la partie e\u0301merge\u0301e de l\u2019iceberg\u201d, re\u0301sume Yann Aminot.<\/p>\n

Les plus de\u0301tecte\u0301s sont ceux le PFOS et le PFOA (utilise\u0301s notamment pour rendre les plastiques imperme\u0301ables a\u0300 l\u2019eau ou a\u0300 l\u2019huile), fortement restreints depuis 2009 pour le premier et 2019 pour le second, par la Convention de Stockholm.<\/p>\n

Mais \u201cles mole\u0301cules introduites en remplacement ne sont pas moins nocives, ni moins toxiques et pas ne\u0301cessairement moins persistantes\u201d, explique M. Aminot.<\/p>\n

Ces alternatives, qualifie\u0301es de \u201csubstitutions regrettables\u201d par les chimistes environnementaux, sont parfois de\u0301gradables, mais vont se lier dans la nature aux PFAS plus robustes et devenir \u201cindirectement persistants\u201d, de\u0301crit Pierre Labadie, chercheur au CNRS.<\/p>\n

\u201cDerrie\u0300re la famille historique, c\u2019est une vraie jungle, on a du mal a\u0300 estimer le volume de la partie immerge\u0301e\u201d, ajoute-t-il.<\/p>\n

Faute d\u2019avoir une liste a\u0300 disposition, \u201con fait des approches de\u0301tourne\u0301es, presque de police judiciaire\u201d, raconte Yann Aminot, oblige\u0301 de \u201cchercher a\u0300 l\u2019aveugle des mole\u0301cules\u201d dont l\u2019industrie garde le secret.<\/p>\n

Mais les PFAS sont-ils nocifs a\u0300 faible dose ? Si les donne\u0301es manquent encore, Yann Aminot fait le paralle\u0300le avec les perturbateurs endocriniens, qui ne suivent pas le principe \u201cla dose fait le poison\u201d et sont toxiques a\u0300 tre\u0300s faible concentration.<\/p>\n

\u201cUn organisme sauvage n\u2019est jamais expose\u0301 a\u0300 un seul PFAS, mais a\u0300 un cocktail de PFAS et aussi de micropolluants\u201d, rajoute Pierre Labadie. Personne ne sait encore e\u0301valuer ces effets cumule\u0301s, \u201cun ve\u0301ritable de\u0301fi\u201d pour la science, qui invite a\u0300 prendre toutes les pre\u0301cautions sans attendre, justifie-t-il.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Invente\u0301s depuis moins d\u2019un sie\u0300cle, les PFAS, ces mole\u0301cules surnomme\u0301es \u201cpolluants e\u0301ternels\u201d qu\u2019une proposition de loi de\u0301battue jeudi veut restreindre, sont de\u0301sormais de\u0301tecte\u0301s sur toute la plane\u0300te, des neiges de l\u2019Antarctique au foie des ours polaires ou a\u0300 nos eaux souterraines. Et seule la \u201cpartie e\u0301merge\u0301e de l\u2019iceberg\u201d est […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":12843,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-12844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nDes ours polaires aux eaux souterraines, \u201caucun \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me n\u2019\u00e9chappe\u201d aux \u201cpolluants \u00e9ternels\u201d - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Invente\u0301s depuis moins d\u2019un sie\u0300cle, les PFAS, ces mole\u0301cules surnomme\u0301es \u201cpolluants e\u0301ternels\u201d qu\u2019une proposition de lo ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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