{"id":13122,"date":"2024-04-27T13:56:52","date_gmt":"2024-04-27T13:56:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/la-production-mondiale-de-chocolat-est-menacee-par-un-virus"},"modified":"2024-04-27T16:17:57","modified_gmt":"2024-04-27T16:17:57","slug":"la-production-mondiale-de-chocolat-est-menacee-par-un-virus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/la-production-mondiale-de-chocolat-est-menacee-par-un-virus","title":{"rendered":"La production mondiale de chocolat est menac\u00e9e par un virus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>L\u2019avenir du chocolat pourrait e\u0302tre menace\u0301. Le coupable: un virus qui met en pe\u0301ril les cacaoyers africains depuis des dizaines d\u2019anne\u0301es. Le Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus, ou virus de l\u2019\u0153de\u0300me des pousses du cacaoyer, se\u0301vit depuis sa premie\u0300re identification en 1936 au Ghana. La maladie se transmet tre\u0300s rapidement, propage\u0301e par des cochenilles. Lorsqu\u2019ils se trouvent sur des plants de cacao infecte\u0301s, les petits parasites attrapent le virus. En sautant ensuite vers les plants voisins sains, ils leur transmettent le virus.<\/p>\n

Les signes de l\u2019infection sont facilement reconnaissables: les feuilles deviennent nervure\u0301es de rouge, se de\u0301forment et les tiges gonflent, donnant au virus son nom de \u201cSwollen Shoot\u201d. La conse\u0301quence ultime de l\u2019infection est le pourrissement des fe\u0300ves de cacao sur le plant infecte\u0301.<\/p>\n

Peu de solutions contre le virus<\/b><\/p>\n

Malheureusement, aucun reme\u0300de re\u0301ellement efficace contre ce virus n\u2019existe a\u0300 ce jour. Dans le passe\u0301, plusieurs mesures ont e\u0301te\u0301 propose\u0301es pour freiner la propagation du virus, telles que l\u2019abattage des arbres infecte\u0301s ou la se\u0301lection d\u2019arbres re\u0301sistants. Malgre\u0301 ces tentatives, l\u2019arrachage des arbres est la technique la plus utilise\u0301e actuellement.<\/p>\n

Cette technique entrai\u0302ne depuis longtemps des pertes importantes de cacao. Entre 1946 et 1948, plus de 254 millions de cacaoyers ont du\u0302 e\u0302tre abattus au Ghana. Plus de 70 ans plus tard, la maladie continue d\u2019engendrer des pertes de re\u0301colte conside\u0301rables, jusqu\u2019a\u0300 50% de rendement en moins par an dans les cas les plus extre\u0302mes.<\/p>\n

En raison de cette situation, en 2018, la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire et le Ghana avaient obtenu un financement de 600 millions de dollars de la Banque Africaine de De\u0301veloppement. Les fonds ont permis de de\u0301dommager les paysans dont les cacaoyers ont e\u0301te\u0301 arrache\u0301s afin d\u2019en replanter de nouveaux.<\/p>\n

Des mode\u0300les mathe\u0301matiques pour mieux comprendre sa propagation<\/b><\/p>\n

Afin de tenter de limiter la propagation du virus dans les plantations en Afrique, une e\u0301quipe de chercheurs s\u2019est penche\u0301e sur le mode\u0300le de transmission de la maladie.<\/p>\n

Les re\u0301sultats de l\u2019e\u0301tude, publie\u0301s de\u0301but mars 2024 dans la revue Plos One, montre que l\u2019utilisation de couches protectrices peut e\u0302tre efficace pour re\u0301duire la propagation de la maladie. Cette strate\u0301gie implique l\u2019infection de\u0301libe\u0301re\u0301e d\u2019une \u201ccouche\u201d de cacaoyers avec une souche moins nocive du virus. L\u2019objectif est de fournir une protection, partielle ou totale, aux arbres non infecte\u0301s contre les souches plus agressives du Swollen shoot. Techniquement, cela peut de\u0301clencher une re\u0301ponse immunitaire chez ces arbres, les rendant ainsi plus re\u0301sistants ou moins susceptibles d\u2019e\u0302tre infecte\u0301s par la souche plus virulente.<\/p>\n

Gra\u0302ce a\u0300 cette approche, un mode\u0300le pourrait e\u0302tre e\u0301tabli pour les producteurs de cacao, les aidant a\u0300 de\u0301terminer la distance a\u0300 laquelle planter des arbres vaccine\u0301s par rapport aux arbres non vaccine\u0301s pour empe\u0302cher la propagation du virus. Pour le moment, les mode\u0300les sont expe\u0301rimentaux et restent encore a\u0300 perfectionner. Les mode\u0300les ne prennent par exemple pas en compte la largeur minimale de la couche de protection.<\/p>\n

Le prix du cacao a grimpe\u0301 de 140% depuis de\u0301but 2024<\/b><\/p>\n

Si le virus de l\u2019\u0153de\u0300me des pousses du cacaoyer affecte principalement les re\u0301gions d\u2019Afrique, la production de chocolat a\u0300 l\u2019e\u0301chelle mondiale est e\u0301galement menace\u0301e par plus d\u2019une dizaine de maladies diffe\u0301rentes. Entre fortes pluies, maladies puis se\u0301cheresses, l\u2019anne\u0301e 2023 a e\u0301te\u0301 particulie\u0300rement difficile pour la production de chocolat au Ghana et en Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire. La production de cacao de la Co\u0302te d\u2019Ivoire pour 2022-2023 s\u2019e\u0301levait a\u0300 2,3 millions de tonnes.<\/p>\n

Pour 2023-2024, elle n\u2019est attendue qu\u2019autour de 1,75 million de tonnes. Conse\u0301quence: le prix du cacao a explose\u0301, grimpant de 140% entre de\u0301but 2024 et aujourd\u2019hui. Un prix qui ne risque pas de diminuer si les virus et les phe\u0301nome\u0300nes me\u0301te\u0301orologiques continuent a\u0300 ravager les cultures.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. L\u2019avenir du chocolat pourrait e\u0302tre menace\u0301. Le coupable: un virus qui met en pe\u0301ril les cacaoyers africains depuis des dizaines d\u2019anne\u0301es. Le Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus, ou virus de l\u2019\u0153de\u0300me des pousses du cacaoyer, se\u0301vit depuis sa premie\u0300re identification en 1936 au Ghana. La maladie se transmet tre\u0300s rapidement, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":13121,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-13122","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nLa production mondiale de chocolat est menac\u00e9e par un virus - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019avenir du chocolat pourrait e\u0302tre menace\u0301. 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