{"id":13424,"date":"2024-05-15T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-05-15T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/politique\/decouverte-dune-ophiure-vieille-de-155-millions-dannees-figee-en-plein-clonage"},"modified":"2024-05-16T01:14:55","modified_gmt":"2024-05-16T01:14:55","slug":"decouverte-dune-ophiure-vieille-de-155-millions-dannees-figee-en-plein-clonage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sao-tome-e-principe\/toutes-les-actualites\/decouverte-dune-ophiure-vieille-de-155-millions-dannees-figee-en-plein-clonage","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9couverte d\u2019une ophiure vieille de 155 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es fig\u00e9e en plein clonage"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. <\/strong><\/span>Chez les e\u0301toiles de mer, ou pluto\u0302t chez les ophiures qui sont des e\u0301chinodermes proches de ces dernie\u0300res, le sexe ne fait pas tout ! Certaines sont en effet capables de se reproduire, de fac\u0327on asexue\u0301e, par autoclonage.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est notamment le cas quand il s\u2019agit \u201cde coloniser rapidement un habitat de petite taille, comme un agre\u0301gat d\u2019e\u0301ponges\u201d, explique Ben Thuy, pale\u0301ontologue au Muse\u0301e d\u2019histoire naturelle du Luxembourg. Avec son e\u0301quipe, il a de\u0301couvert une ophiure datant du Jurassique supe\u0301rieur (il y a 155 millions d\u2019anne\u0301es) qui atteste que ce mode de reproduction a\u0300 des racines tre\u0300s anciennes dans ce groupe.<\/p>\n

Un organisme a\u0300 six branches<\/b><\/p>\n

Le fossile a e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301couvert au sommet de la colline de Westerberg, a\u0300 Nusplingen, en Allemagne. Il repre\u0301sente une petite ophiure dont la partie centrale du corps, qui est recouvert d\u2019e\u0301pines, mesure 3,4 mm de diame\u0300tre et son bras le plus long 15,5 mm. Son analyse, publie\u0301e dans la revue Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, re\u0301ve\u0300le qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une nouvelle espe\u0300ce baptise\u0301e Ophiactis hex.<\/p>\n

\u201cC\u2019est une ophiure de la famille des Ophiactidae. Ces derniers sont l\u2019un des groupes d\u2019ophiures les plus fre\u0301quents dans les e\u0301cosyste\u0300mes sublittoraux actuels, en particulier dans les tropiques. Notre fossile est le plus ancien repre\u0301sentant de cette famille connu a\u0300 ce jour\u201d, de\u0301crit Ben Thuy.<\/p>\n

L\u2019animal se caracte\u0301rise par la pre\u0301sence de six bras, alors que la majorite\u0301 des ophiures en posse\u0300de 5. En revanche, chez les ophiures qui pratiquent la reproduction asexue\u0301e par autoclonage, le sixie\u0300me bras est fre\u0301quent, sans doute pour faciliter la division de l\u2019individu en deux.<\/p>\n

En effet, lors de ce processus, c\u2019est toute la moitie\u0301 du corps qui se se\u0301pare et les deux parties ainsi forme\u0301es se re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0300rent. \u201cL\u2019autoclonage est initie\u0301 par des signaux chimiques ou neurologiques qui de\u0301clenchent un rela\u0302chement du tissu conjonctif a\u0300 certains endroits du corps, provoquant ainsi la se\u0301paration d\u2019une moitie\u0301 du corps. Apre\u0300s la se\u0301paration, une re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0301ration rapide assure la formation d\u2019un nouvel individu a\u0300 partir de chacune des deux parties du corps. L\u2019autoclonage est de\u0301clenche\u0301 en partie par des facteurs internes, comme les cycles reproductifs saisonniers, et en partie par des facteurs externes, comme le stress environnemental\u201d, de\u0301taille le scientifique.<\/p>\n

Deux moitie\u0301s ine\u0301gales<\/b><\/p>\n

Si le processus d\u2019autoclonage est bien compris par les biologistes, en revanche, ils ne savent pas tre\u0300s bien quelles sont ces origines e\u0301volutives. Or, le spe\u0301cimen retrouve\u0301 en Allemagne atteste que la fragmentation clonale remonte loin dans l\u2019histoire de ce groupe d\u2019e\u0301chinodermes.<\/p>\n

En effet, des indices sugge\u0300rent que cette ophiure fige\u0301e dans le calcaire e\u0301tait en plein processus de re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0301ration quand elle est morte: \u201celle posse\u0300de une moitie\u0301 qui est nettement plus petite que l\u2019autre et qui pre\u0301sente une substance squelettique plus dense dans les images prises par scanner, ce qui est le signe d\u2019un a\u0302ge plus jeune\u201d, explique Ben Thuy.<\/p>\n

De plus, l\u2019analyse de l\u2019angle de ses bras indique que le spe\u0301cimen, qui vivait aussi probablement sur un organisme ho\u0302te, avait avant sa division six bras et donc une syme\u0301trie hexame\u0301rique, fre\u0301quente chez les ophiures actuelles qui se reproduisent de la me\u0302me fac\u0327on. Plusieurs ophiures fossiles ont de\u0301ja\u0300 e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301couvertes avec un bras fige\u0301 en pleine re\u0301ge\u0301ne\u0301ration mais ce spe\u0301cimen est seulement le premier hexame\u0300re pour qui c\u2019est toute une moitie\u0301 du corps qui a e\u0301te\u0301 saisie en pleine repousse.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>, suivez Africa-Press<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe. Chez les e\u0301toiles de mer, ou pluto\u0302t chez les ophiures qui sont des e\u0301chinodermes proches de ces dernie\u0300res, le sexe ne fait pas tout ! Certaines sont en effet capables de se reproduire, de fac\u0327on asexue\u0301e, par autoclonage. C\u2019est notamment le cas quand il s\u2019agit \u201cde coloniser rapidement un […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":13423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[36,55,56],"class_list":["post-13424","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-africa-press","tag-africa-press-sao-tome-e-principe","tag-sao-tome-e-principe"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u00e9couverte d\u2019une ophiure vieille de 155 millions d\u2019ann\u00e9es fig\u00e9e en plein clonage - S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 e Pr\u00edncipe<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chez les e\u0301toiles de mer, ou pluto\u0302t chez les ophiures qui sont des e\u0301chinodermes proches de ces dernie\u0300res, le sexe ne ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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