{"id":60013,"date":"2024-06-23T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-23T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/politique\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x"},"modified":"2024-06-24T02:50:05","modified_gmt":"2024-06-24T02:50:05","slug":"le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x","title":{"rendered":"Le singe : le chromosome Y \u00e9volue plus rapidement que le X"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Senegal. <\/strong><\/span>Les chromosomes sexuels des singes, le chromosome Y spe\u0301cifique aux ma\u0302les et le chromosome X pre\u0301sent chez les ma\u0302les et les femelles, jouent des ro\u0302les cruciaux dans la reproduction et la cognition. Cependant, leur e\u0301tude a e\u0301te\u0301 complique\u0301e par leur nature re\u0301pe\u0301titive et les assemblages de re\u0301fe\u0301rence incomplets.<\/p>\n

Une nouvelle e\u0301tude utilisant des techniques avance\u0301es de se\u0301quenc\u0327age a permis de produire des assemblages complets et ininterrompus des chromosomes X et Y de plusieurs espe\u0300ces de singes, offrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives sur leur e\u0301volution.<\/p>\n

Les chromosomes sexuels des singes<\/b><\/p>\n

Les chromosomes sexuels des singes ont longtemps e\u0301te\u0301 un sujet d\u2019inte\u0301re\u0302t en raison de leur importance biologique. Le chromosome Y, spe\u0301cifique aux ma\u0302les, est essentiel pour la reproduction masculine. Des de\u0301le\u0301tions ou des anomalies de ce chromosome peuvent alors entrai\u0302ner l\u2019infertilite\u0301. Le chromosome X est quant a\u0300 lui pre\u0301sent chez les ma\u0302les et les femelles et joue un ro\u0302le vital non seulement dans la reproduction, mais aussi dans des fonctions cognitives importantes. Les variations des comportements d\u2019accouplement et des fonctions ce\u0301re\u0301brales parmi les diffe\u0301rentes espe\u0300ces de singes sugge\u0300rent ainsi qu\u2019il pourrait e\u0301galement y avoir des diffe\u0301rences correspondantes dans leurs chromosomes sexuels.<\/p>\n

Cependant, l\u2019e\u0301tude de ces chromosomes a e\u0301te\u0301 entrave\u0301e par leur nature re\u0301pe\u0301titive et les difficulte\u0301s techniques a\u0300 produire des assemblages de re\u0301fe\u0301rence complets. Autrement dit, les me\u0301thodes de se\u0301quenc\u0327age d\u2019ADN traditionnelles avaient du mal a\u0300 lire ces se\u0301quences re\u0301pe\u0301titives et a\u0300 assembler les chromosomes de manie\u0300re comple\u0300te et pre\u0301cise. Par conse\u0301quent, jusqu\u2019a\u0300 re\u0301cemment, les scientifiques n\u2019avaient pas des versions comple\u0300tes et de\u0301taille\u0301es de ces chromosomes pour les analyser correctement.<\/p>\n

Pour surmonter ces obstacles, des chercheurs ont utilise\u0301 la me\u0301thodologie de se\u0301quenc\u0327age te\u0301lome\u0300re a\u0300 te\u0301lome\u0300re (T2T), initialement de\u0301veloppe\u0301e pour le ge\u0301nome humain. Cette approche permet de produire des assemblages sans interruption des chromosomes, tout en incluant les re\u0301gions re\u0301pe\u0301titives difficiles a\u0300 se\u0301quencer avec les me\u0301thodes traditionnelles.<\/p>\n

L\u2019e\u0301quipe a applique\u0301 cette technique a\u0300 cinq grands singes: le bonobo (Pan paniscus), le chimpanze\u0301 (Pan troglodytes), le gorille des plaines occidentales (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), l\u2019orang-outan de Borne\u0301o (Pongo pygmaeus) et l\u2019orang-outan de Sumatra (Pongo abelii), ainsi qu\u2019a\u0300 un petit singe, le gibbon siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus).<\/p>\n

Les se\u0301quences comple\u0300tes des chromosomes X et Y de six espe\u0300ces de primates re\u0301ve\u0300lent la diversite\u0301 des espe\u0300ces et un aperc\u0327u de l\u2019e\u0301volution. Cre\u0301dits: Ernesto Del Aguila III, Institut national de recherche sur le ge\u0301nome humain<\/p>\n

Que nous dit cette e\u0301tude ?<\/b><\/p>\n

Ces travaux, publie\u0301s dans Nature, ont re\u0301ve\u0301le\u0301 une diversite\u0301 significative, en particulier sur le chromosome Y, qui varie conside\u0301rablement en taille et pre\u0301sente des niveaux e\u0301leve\u0301s de re\u0301arrangements structurels.<\/p>\n

Cette variabilite\u0301 est attribue\u0301e a\u0300 l\u2019accumulation de re\u0301gions ampliconiques (des sections d\u2019ADN qui sont amplifie\u0301es en nombre de copies), de palindromes (des se\u0301quences d\u2019ADN qui se lisent de la me\u0302me manie\u0300re dans les deux sens), d\u2019e\u0301le\u0301ments transposables (des se\u0301quences d\u2019ADN mobiles qui peuvent se de\u0301placer a\u0300 diffe\u0301rents endroits du ge\u0301nome) et de satellites spe\u0301cifiques a\u0300 chaque ligne\u0301e de singes (des se\u0301quences d\u2019ADN re\u0301pe\u0301titives et spe\u0301cifiques a\u0300 certaines espe\u0300ces ou certains groupes de singes). Ces caracte\u0301ristiques rendent le chromosome Y des singes tre\u0300s dynamique, ce qui complique son e\u0301tude de\u0301taille\u0301e.<\/p>\n

En contraste, le chromosome X des singes est de\u0301crit comme beaucoup plus stable. Cette stabilite\u0301 s\u2019explique par son ro\u0302le crucial dans des fonctions biologiques essentielles telles que la reproduction et les fonctions cognitives. Ces processus ne\u0301cessitent une conservation stricte des se\u0301quences ge\u0301ne\u0301tiques pour maintenir le bon fonctionnement des organismes.<\/p>\n

Enfin, une caracte\u0301ristique notable du chromosome Y est la pre\u0301sence de nombreux ge\u0300nes organise\u0301s en familles a\u0300 copies multiples. Malgre\u0301 le taux e\u0301leve\u0301 de mutations, certains de ces ge\u0300nes e\u0301voluent sous ce qu\u2019on appelle une se\u0301lection purificatrice. Ce processus e\u0301limine les mutations de\u0301le\u0301te\u0300res qui pourraient affecter ne\u0301gativement la fonction des ge\u0300nes essentiels, assurant ainsi leur efficacite\u0301 malgre\u0301 les de\u0301fis e\u0301volutifs du chromosome Y.<\/p>\n

Ces nouvelles donne\u0301es offrent ainsi des perspectives pre\u0301cieuses non seulement pour comprendre l\u2019e\u0301volution des singes et des humains, mais aussi pour la ge\u0301ne\u0301tique de la conservation. En effet, de nombreuses espe\u0300ces de singes non humains sont en voie de disparition et une meilleure compre\u0301hension de leur ge\u0301ne\u0301tique peut aider a\u0300 e\u0301laborer des strate\u0301gies de conservation plus efficaces.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la Senegal, suivez Africa-Press<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Senegal. Les chromosomes sexuels des singes, le chromosome Y spe\u0301cifique aux ma\u0302les et le chromosome X pre\u0301sent chez les ma\u0302les et les femelles, jouent des ro\u0302les cruciaux dans la reproduction et la cognition. Cependant, leur e\u0301tude a e\u0301te\u0301 complique\u0301e par leur nature re\u0301pe\u0301titive et les assemblages de re\u0301fe\u0301rence incomplets. Une nouvelle e\u0301tude utilisant […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":60012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[44],"class_list":["post-60013","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-senegal-2"],"yoast_head":"\nLe singe : le chromosome Y \u00e9volue plus rapidement que le X - Senegal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les chromosomes sexuels des singes, le chromosome Y spe\u0301cifique aux ma\u0302les et le chromosome X pre\u0301sent chez les ma\u0302les e ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le singe : le chromosome Y \u00e9volue plus rapidement que le X\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les chromosomes sexuels des singes, le chromosome Y spe\u0301cifique aux ma\u0302les et le chromosome X pre\u0301sent chez les ma\u0302les e ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Senegal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-06-23T12:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-24T02:50:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2024\/06\/sm_1719181039.403792.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"720\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"421\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"Le singe : le chromosome Y \u00e9volue plus rapidement que le X\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-06-23T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-24T02:50:05+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\"},\"wordCount\":879,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2024\/06\/sm_1719181039.403792.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Senegal\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/le-singe-le-chromosome-y-evolue-plus-rapidement-que-le-x\",\"name\":\"Le singe : le chromosome Y \u00e9volue plus rapidement que le X - 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