{"id":72720,"date":"2025-11-17T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/politique\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante"},"modified":"2025-11-17T22:09:43","modified_gmt":"2025-11-17T22:09:43","slug":"premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante","title":{"rendered":"Premi\u00e8re Carte 3D D\u2019Une Atmosph\u00e8re D\u2019exoplan\u00e8te Br\u00fblante"},"content":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Senegal. <\/strong><\/span>Notre galaxie abrite une multitude de mondes repre\u0301sentant une importante diversite\u0301: des super-Terres aux plane\u0300tes gazeuses comme Jupiter. Parmi les plus de 6 000 exoplane\u0300tes confirme\u0301es, les Jupiters chauds demeurent la cate\u0301gorie la plus repre\u0301sente\u0301e. Leur surface atteint des milliers de degre\u0301s, rendant Ve\u0301nus \u2013 et ses 470 \u00b0C \u2013 relativement tempe\u0301re\u0301e en comparaison. Ces plane\u0300tes sont caracte\u0301rise\u0301es par un rayon situe\u0301 entre 0,8 et deux fois celui de Jupiter et posse\u0300dent une masse comprise entre la moitie\u0301 et 13 fois celle de la plane\u0300te jovienne. Un cas emble\u0301matique demeure 51 Peg b, la toute premie\u0300re plane\u0300te externe au Syste\u0300me solaire de\u0301couverte en octobre 1995 par Michel Mayor et Didier Queloz au sein d\u2019une collaboration entre l\u2019Observatoire de Gene\u0300ve et l\u2019Observatoire de Haute-Provence.<\/p>\n

WASP-18b est une exoplane\u0300te appartenant a\u0300 une cate\u0301gorie particulie\u0300re des Jupiters chauds appele\u0301e \u00ab Jupiters ultra-chauds \u00bb, dont la distance tre\u0300s proche avec son e\u0301toile ho\u0302te (WASP-18) l\u2019irradie d\u2019un seul co\u0302te\u0301 de manie\u0300re permanente, ce qui engendre une tempe\u0301rature de surface pouvant aller jusqu\u2019a\u0300 3500 degre\u0301s, soit bien plus chaud que certaines petites e\u0301toiles comme les naines rouges. La plane\u0300te mesure 1,24 fois le rayon de Jupiter et en pe\u0300se dix fois la masse. Elle se situe a\u0300 pre\u0300s de 400 anne\u0301es-lumie\u0300re de la Terre et boucle son orbite en seulement 23 heures. Elle a e\u0301te\u0301 de\u0301couverte en 2009 par des chercheurs de l\u2019universite\u0301 de Keele (Royaume-Uni).<\/p>\n

Une nouvelle e\u0301tude, publie\u0301e dans la revue Nature Astronomy le 28 octobre 2025 par un consortium d\u2019astrophysiciens dirige\u0301 par des chercheurs ame\u0301ricains des universite\u0301s du Maryland et de Cornell, pre\u0301sente une cartographie 3D ine\u0301dite et de\u0301taille\u0301e de son atmosphe\u0300re, mettant en e\u0301vidence de forts contrastes de tempe\u0301rature.<\/p>\n

Un monde infernal<\/b><\/p>\n

De manie\u0300re ge\u0301ne\u0301rale, les Jupiters ultra-chauds, de me\u0302me que les Jupiter chauds, sont la plupart du temps de\u0301tecte\u0301s par la me\u0301thode des transits \u2013 qui de\u0301signe le passage du corps plane\u0301taire devant l\u2019e\u0301toile ho\u0302te et provoquant une baisse de luminosite\u0301 de cette dernie\u0300re. Cette diminution constitue alors une preuve solide de l\u2019existence de la plane\u0300te, a\u0300 la condition sine qua non que l\u2019activite\u0301 stellaire (tache, vent solaire) ne vienne pas interfe\u0301rer avec le signal de\u0301tecte\u0301.<\/p>\n

WASP-18b a e\u0301te\u0301 caracte\u0301rise\u0301e gra\u0302ce a\u0300 l\u2019observation, par le te\u0301lescope James Webb, d\u2019une e\u0301clipse secondaire \u2014 lorsque la plane\u0300te passe derrie\u0300re son e\u0301toile. Contrairement au transit, cette me\u0301thode permet d\u2019isoler directement la chaleur de son atmosphe\u0300re et d\u2019imager des re\u0301gions habituellement masque\u0301es, alors que le transit ne sonde que la haute atmosphe\u0300re (entre 100 et 400 kilome\u0300tres d\u2019altitude). \u00ab Cette technique est ve\u0301ritablement la seule qui existe pour sonder simultane\u0301ment les trois dimensions: latitude, longitude et altitude. Cela nous fournit un niveau de de\u0301tail sans pre\u0301ce\u0301dent pour e\u0301tudier ces corps ce\u0301lestes \u00bb, explique Megan Weiner Mansfield, professeure associe\u0301e d\u2019astronomie a\u0300 l\u2019universite\u0301 du Maryland et co-autrice principale de l\u2019e\u0301tude, dans un communique\u0301.<\/p>\n

En outre, des cartes 3D de tempe\u0301rature (disponibles sur arXiv) ont e\u0301te\u0301 ge\u0301ne\u0301re\u0301es a\u0300 partir d\u2019observations de l\u2019atmosphe\u0300re a\u0300 travers diffe\u0301rentes longueurs d\u2019onde situe\u0301es dans l\u2019infrarouge proche. Cela permet de mettre en e\u0301vidence des contrastes de tempe\u0301ratures importants, allant de 1 500 a\u0300 plus de 3500 \u00b0C et de\u0301pendants de la latitude, de la longitude et longueur d\u2019onde.<\/p>\n

Cependant, la ge\u0301ne\u0301ration des cartes 3D n\u2019est pas automatique et requiert des techniques spe\u0301cifiques: \u00ab Les cartes en 3D sont ge\u0301ne\u0301re\u0301es de deux fac\u0327ons, parce qu\u2019il n\u2019y a pas de cartographie unique entre les donne\u0301es que nous observons et l\u2019altitude a\u0300 laquelle nous sondons l\u2019atmosphe\u0300re. Une premie\u0300re me\u0301thode consiste a\u0300 juxtaposer les cartes 2D, ou\u0300 la troisie\u0300me dimension est repre\u0301sente\u0301e par la longueur d\u2019onde. L\u2019autre manie\u0300re d\u2019obtenir les cartes tridimensionnelles est de parame\u0301trer la tempe\u0301rature en fonction de l\u2019altitude en diffe\u0301rents points de la carte 2D \u00bb, comme nous le de\u0301taille la chercheuse ame\u0301ricaine. Des fournaises extre\u0302mes de ce genre peuvent provoquer la dissociation des mole\u0301cules d\u2019eau en atomes d\u2019hydroge\u0300ne, d\u2019oxyge\u0300ne ou en radicaux hydroxyles (OH), un phe\u0301nome\u0300ne tre\u0300s courant dans les atmosphe\u0300res exoplane\u0301taires dont la tempe\u0301rature exce\u0300de 2 500 degre\u0301s.<\/p>\n

Par ailleurs, deux re\u0301gions thermiques ont e\u0301te\u0301 clairement identifie\u0301es par les astrophysiciens: la premie\u0300re est une zone de tre\u0300s forte tempe\u0301rature appele\u0301e \u00ab point chaud \u00bb (au-dela\u0300 de 3 000 degre\u0301s) et concentre\u0301e au centre de la face e\u0301claire\u0301e, la\u0300 ou\u0300 WASP-18 e\u0301met le plus de radiations, tandis que la deuxie\u0300me s\u2019ave\u0300re e\u0302tre une re\u0301gion formant un anneau s\u2019e\u0301tendant sur les bords entre les co\u0302te\u0301s irradie\u0301 et sombre, ce dernier e\u0301tant caracte\u0301rise\u0301 par des tempe\u0301ratures plus froides (en dessous de 2 000 degre\u0301s).<\/p>\n

Vers une cartographie des petites plane\u0300tes<\/b><\/p>\n

En somme, la spectroscopie d\u2019e\u0301clipse permet de de\u0301tecter directement la structure gazeuse de la plane\u0300te en dec\u0327a\u0300 de sa haute atmosphe\u0300re: \u00ab Durant une e\u0301clipse, nous mesurons la signature thermique de la plane\u0300te (donc, sa tempe\u0301rature et sa composition) du co\u0302te\u0301 e\u0301claire\u0301 par l\u2019e\u0301toile \u00bb, comme le souligne a\u0300 Sciences et Avenir Ryan Carroll Challener, co-auteur principal du travail de recherche. Ce re\u0301sultat apparait comme prometteur, car il adopte une pre\u0301cision d\u2019imagerie comparable a\u0300 celle des observations des bandes nuageuses sur Jupiter, notamment la Grande Tache Rouge, un anticyclone ge\u0301ant faisant 1,12 fois la taille de la Terre.<\/p>\n

WASP-18b inaugure l\u2019utilisation de ce mode d\u2019observation dans le contexte de la recherche des exoplane\u0300tes et les chercheurs ame\u0301ricains pre\u0301voient de l\u2019e\u0301tendre a\u0300 d\u2019autres types de plane\u0300tes, notamment celles de nature rocheuse comme les super-Terres, ouvrant le champ a\u0300 des analyses atmosphe\u0301riques plus fines pour investiguer des signes de vie extraterrestre.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations et d’analyses sur la Senegal<\/span>, suivez Africa-Press<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Africa-Press – Senegal. Notre galaxie abrite une multitude de mondes repre\u0301sentant une importante diversite\u0301: des super-Terres aux plane\u0300tes gazeuses comme Jupiter. Parmi les plus de 6 000 exoplane\u0300tes confirme\u0301es, les Jupiters chauds demeurent la cate\u0301gorie la plus repre\u0301sente\u0301e. Leur surface atteint des milliers de degre\u0301s, rendant Ve\u0301nus \u2013 et ses 470 \u00b0C \u2013 relativement tempe\u0301re\u0301e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":72719,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[44],"class_list":["post-72720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-senegal-2"],"yoast_head":"\nPremi\u00e8re Carte 3D D\u2019Une Atmosph\u00e8re D\u2019exoplan\u00e8te Br\u00fblante - Senegal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Notre galaxie abrite une multitude de mondes repre\u0301sentant une importante diversite\u0301: des super-Terres aux plane\u0300tes gaz ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Premi\u00e8re Carte 3D D\u2019Une Atmosph\u00e8re D\u2019exoplan\u00e8te Br\u00fblante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Notre galaxie abrite une multitude de mondes repre\u0301sentant une importante diversite\u0301: des super-Terres aux plane\u0300tes gaz ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Senegal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-11-17T12:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-17T22:09:43+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/11\/sm_1763446077.029798.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"Premi\u00e8re Carte 3D D\u2019Une Atmosph\u00e8re D\u2019exoplan\u00e8te Br\u00fblante\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-17T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-17T22:09:43+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\"},\"wordCount\":1107,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/11\/sm_1763446077.029798.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Senegal\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/premiere-carte-3d-dune-atmosphere-dexoplanete-brulante\",\"name\":\"Premi\u00e8re Carte 3D D\u2019Une Atmosph\u00e8re D\u2019exoplan\u00e8te Br\u00fblante - 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