{"id":73212,"date":"2025-12-05T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-12-05T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/politique\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste"},"modified":"2025-12-05T19:08:06","modified_gmt":"2025-12-05T19:08:06","slug":"proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","title":{"rendered":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600\"><strong>Africa-Press &#8211; Senegal. <\/strong><\/span>Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les prochaines anne\u0301es pourraient menacer a\u0300 l\u2019avenir les images capte\u0301es par les te\u0301le\u0301scopes spaciaux, avertissent des astronomes de la Nasa.<\/p>\n<p>Depuis 2019, le nombre de satellites en orbite basse est passe\u0301 de 2.000 a\u0300 15.000, selon l\u2019e\u0301tude publie\u0301e mercredi dans la revue Nature. Mais ce n\u2019est rien a\u0300 co\u0302te\u0301 de ce qui est pre\u0301vu dans les prochaines anne\u0301es.<\/p>\n<p>Si l\u2019ensemble des projets de lancements satellitaires est mene\u0301 a\u0300 bien, il y en aura 560.000 en orbite autour de la Terre a\u0300 l\u2019horizon 2040, selon l\u2019e\u0301tude.<\/p>\n<p>Cela pose une \u00ab tre\u0300s se\u0301rieuse menace \u00bb pour les te\u0301lescopes spaciaux, explique a\u0300 l\u2019AFP Alejandro Borlaff, auteur principal de l\u2019e\u0301tude et membre du Ames Research Center de la Nasa en Californie. Pour les besoins de leur e\u0301tude, les astronomes ont simule\u0301 l\u2019impact que pourraient avoir ces 560.000 satellites sur quatre te\u0301le\u0301scopes spaciaux.<\/p>\n<p>Les reflets de la lumie\u0300re e\u0301mise par ces satellites affecteraient ainsi 96% des images produites par le SPHEREx de la Nasa, du futur te\u0301le\u0301scope ARRAKIHS de l\u2019Agence spatiale europe\u0301enne (ESA), et du futur Xuntian chinois.<\/p>\n<p>Le te\u0301lescope spatial Hubble, qui offre une vision plus restreinte de l\u2019univers et est donc moins susceptible de photographier un satellite, verrait un tiers de ses images alte\u0301re\u0301es.<\/p>\n<p>Cela engendrait des conse\u0301quences pour tous les types de recherche scientifique. \u00ab Imaginez que vous essayez de trouver des aste\u0301roi\u0308des qui peuvent e\u0302tre potentiellement dangereux pour la Terre \u00bb, explique M. Borlaff.<\/p>\n<p>Un aste\u0301roi\u0308de qui traverse le ciel \u00ab ressemble exactement a\u0300 un satellite&#8230; c\u2019est vraiment difficile de trouver lequel est le mauvais \u00bb, souligne-t-il.<\/p>\n<p>Certains te\u0301lescopes, comme le fameux James Webb, ne sont pas affecte\u0301s par les satellites car ils sont en orbite stable a\u0300 1,5 M de kilome\u0300tres de la Terre, au niveau du deuxie\u0300me point de Lagrange.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u00ab Aussi brillants que la plus brillante e\u0301toile \u00bb <\/b><\/p>\n<p>Une des solutions serait de de\u0301ployer des satellites a\u0300 de plus basses altitudes que celles des te\u0301lescopes spatiaux, mais cela pourrait potentiellement de\u0301te\u0301riorer la couche d\u2019ozone, selon l\u2019e\u0301tude.<\/p>\n<p>La solution la plus logique serait de re\u0301duire le nombre des satellites a\u0300 lancer. Mais la compe\u0301tition entre les entreprises et les besoins croissants lie\u0301s a\u0300 l\u2019essor de l\u2019intelligence artificielle rendent cette option peu probable.<\/p>\n<p>Pre\u0300s de trois-quarts des satellites actuellement en orbite appartiennent au milliardaire Elon Musk via sa constellation internet Starlink, explique le chercheur. Dans une vingtaine d\u2019anne\u0301es, Starlink ne devrait plus repre\u0301senter que 10% de l\u2019ensemble des satellites, selon l\u2019e\u0301tude.<\/p>\n<p>M. Borlaff estime que les entreprises pourraient d\u2019ores et de\u0301ja\u0300 aider en fournissant l\u2019emplacement, l\u2019orientation et la couleur de leurs satellites a\u0300 ceux qui exploitent des te\u0301lescopes spatiaux.<\/p>\n<p>Un autre proble\u0300me vient de la taille de plus en plus grosses des satellites. A\u0300 l\u2019\u0153il nu, les satellites d\u2019une surface supe\u0301rieure a\u0300 100 m2 sont \u00ab aussi brillants que la plus brillante des e\u0301toiles que vous pouvez voir dans le ciel \u00bb, souligne-t-il.<\/p>\n<p>Mais afin de re\u0301pondre aux besoins de de\u0301veloppement de l\u2019IA, il existe de\u0301ja\u0300 des projets de satellites mesurant plus de 3.000 m2. Ces ge\u0301ants pourraient e\u0302tre \u00ab aussi brillants qu\u2019une plane\u0300te \u00bb, conclut M. Borlaff.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pour plus d&rsquo;informations et d&rsquo;analyses sur la <span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Senegal<\/span>, suivez <span style=\"color: #ff6600\">Africa-Press<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa-Press &#8211; Senegal. Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les prochaines anne\u0301es pourraient menacer a\u0300 l\u2019avenir les images capte\u0301es par les te\u0301le\u0301scopes spaciaux, avertissent des astronomes de la Nasa. Depuis 2019, le nombre de satellites en orbite basse est passe\u0301 de 2.000 a\u0300 15.000, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":82,"featured_media":73211,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,10],"tags":[44],"class_list":["post-73212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divers","category-toutes-les-actualites","tag-senegal-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.1 (Yoast SEO v27.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste - Senegal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Senegal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"cfeditorfr\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"headline\":\"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\"},\"wordCount\":615,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Senegal\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Divers\",\"Toutes les actualit\u00e9s\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\",\"name\":\"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste - Senegal\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\"},\"description\":\"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg\",\"width\":1200,\"height\":900,\"caption\":\"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/\",\"name\":\"Africa Press | Senegal | Homepage\",\"description\":\"Just another Africa News Agency Sites site\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1\",\"name\":\"cfeditorfr\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/author\/cfeditorfr\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste - Senegal","description":"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste","og_description":"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...","og_url":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","og_site_name":"Senegal","article_published_time":"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":900,"url":"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"cfeditorfr","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"cfeditorfr","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste"},"author":{"name":"cfeditorfr","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1"},"headline":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste","datePublished":"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste"},"wordCount":615,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg","keywords":["Senegal"],"articleSection":["Divers","Toutes les actualit\u00e9s"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","url":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste","name":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste - Senegal","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg","datePublished":"2025-12-05T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2025-12-05T19:08:06+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1"},"description":"Les lumie\u0300res engendre\u0301es par le demi-million de satellites que l\u2019humanite\u0301 a pre\u0301vu de mettre en orbite dans les procha ...","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/static.africa-press.net\/senegal\/sites\/13\/2025\/12\/sm_1764990272.391652.jpg","width":1200,"height":900,"caption":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/toutes-les-actualites\/proliferation-des-satellites-menace-lobservation-celeste#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Prolif\u00e9ration des Satellites Menace L\u2019Observation C\u00e9leste"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/","name":"Africa Press | Senegal | Homepage","description":"Just another Africa News Agency Sites site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/#\/schema\/person\/2b1cf3cd81a31e3cd26889ca66d677f1","name":"cfeditorfr","url":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/author\/cfeditorfr"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/82"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=73212"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73212\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/73211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=73212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/senegal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=73212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}