Africa-Press – Sierra-Leone. • ALEX SIMALABWI
IMAGINE THAT A crisis emerges in your home, workplace, or community. You neither created it, nor benefited from it.
And yet, you bear the brunt of the consequences, while those who did create and benefit from it continue to make the problem worse. For Africa, such an egregious injustice has become all too real.
Though Africa contributes only 4% of global greenhouse-gas emissions annually, it is among the regions most vulnerable to climate change and climate variability. Already, climate disruptions and crises are severely undermining human well-being and economic development, and water-related disruptions pose some of the most serious risks.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2021 report confirmed that global warming intensifies and accelerates the water cycle.
Climate change will not only continue to fuel ruinous rainfall and flooding but will also cause more frequent and extreme drought in many areas. This means reduced access to drinking water in a region where one in every three people already face water scarcity daily. It also means more hunger, malnutrition, and even famine.
The first climate change-induced famine has already occurred. Last year, following the worst drought in four decades, Madagascar confronted a food crisis that left 1,3 million people facing severe hunger, with tens of thousands enduring life-threatening conditions. But the plight of Madagascar’s people received precious little attention in international media.
NAMIBIA AFFECTED
Madagascar is not alone. A drought is destroying crops and livestock in Kenya, Somalia, and Ethiopia.
When people cannot access their basic needs at home, they are likely to migrate in search of better conditions, potentially exacerbating economic and political insecurity and compromising future prosperity. That has already happened in Angola, with persistent drought forcing thousands of people to seek refuge in neighbouring Namibia.
While those who have benefited least from activities that have fuelled climate change could lose their homes, health, and livelihoods, those who bear the most responsibility for this outcome have not provided nearly enough funding to enable Africa to adapt.
In 2009, rich countries pledged to mobilise US$100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change. But they fell well short, and the lion’s share of the funding was allocated for mitigation, rather than urgently needed adaptation measures.
Whereas African governments estimated that they needed US$7,4 billion per year by 2020, Africa received less than US$5,5 billion (roughly US$5 per person) per year between 2014 and 2018, and funding for adaptation amounted to just US$16,5 billion – barely half the total for mitigation.
GROWING NEEDS
Africa’s funding needs are now much larger – and growing fast.
The United Nations Environment Programme’s latest Adaptation Gap Report estimates that the cost of adaptation in developing countries will potentially rise to US$140-300 billion in 2030 and US$280-500 billion in 2050.
The UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow last year offered Africa some reason for hope. Developed economies pledged at least to double their collective provision of adaptation finance from 2019 levels by 2025. But even if they fulfil these commitments – no sure thing – more must be done to deliver water security to Africa.
The African Development Bank (AfDB) estimates that US$64 billion will be needed annually to meet the continent’s water-related needs. Yet, as it stands, only US$10-19 billion is being invested in water infrastructure in Africa each year.
To close this gap, African Union leaders last year adopted the Continental Africa Water Investment Programme, focused on accelerating investment in climate-resilient regional, transboundary, and national water infrastructure, such as dams, irrigation systems, water-management information systems, and sanitation facilities. It estimates that, by 2030, it will be able to leverage some US$30 billion of investment in these areas, creating at least five million jobs.
Moreover, the African Ministers’ Council on Water has co-convened a High-Level Panel on Water Investments, together with the UN Development Programme, Unicef, the AU Development Agency, the AfDB, the Global Centre on Adaptation, and the Global Water Partnership (GWP).
At its inaugural meeting in September, the panel adopted a roadmap for mobilising international financing for water investments and accelerating policies to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
REGIONAL INITIATIVE
The so-called WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) initiative, being pursued by the Southern African Development Community with GWP support, is also advancing vital water-related objectives.
By installing hand-washing facilities at border posts across the region, the initiative will help to stem the transmission of infectious diseases, thereby facilitating intra-regional trade and economic activity and, ultimately, contributing to the realisation of the African Continental Free Trade Area.
But, as with all these initiatives, success depends significantly on funding. That is why African countries and their international partners have developed the Water Investment Scorecard, a data-driven approach that, by tracking progress, will help to sustain pressure on decision-makers.
Africa did not cause the climate crisis, but African leaders are taking the initiative in developing strategies for coping with it, including its impact on the continent’s water security and sanitation. The question is whether those who are most responsible for climate change will put their money where their mouths are before it is too late.
* Alex Simalabwi is executive secretary and global head of Climate Resilience for the Global Water Partnership
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