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\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0654\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0655\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>1- Ajala, Adekunle. &#8220;The nature of African boundaries.&#8221; Africa Spectrum (1983): 177-189.<\/p>\n<p>2- Smith, Sheila A. &#8220;Strait diplomacy: Managing China-Taiwan tensions.&#8221; In East Asia Forum Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 11-13. Canberra, ACT: ANU Press, 2021.<\/p>\n<p>3- Prashad, Vijay. &#8220;Why Ukraine&#8217;s borders are back at the centre of geopolitics.&#8221; Green Left Weekly 1304 (2021): 14.<\/p>\n<p>4- Williams, Wendy. &#8220;Shifting Borders: Africa&#8217;s Displacement Crisis and Its Security Implications\u201d. Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 2019: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3abqLj7<\/p>\n<p>5- Oduntan, Gbenga. &#8220;Africa\u2019s border disputes are set to rise\u2013but there are ways to stop them.&#8221; The Conversation, 2015 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3IbpXr2<\/p>\n<p>6- Silja Fro\u0308hlich. &#8220;Why do tensions between DR Congo and Rwanda persist?\u201d. Deutsche Welle, 31 May 2022 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bJs6y3<\/p>\n<p>7-&#8220;DR Congo Says Rwanda Operating 500 Troops Over Border\u201d. The Defense Post, 9 June 2022 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3ydGExF<\/p>\n<p>8- &#8220;DR Congo troops shell rebel bases\u201d. Aljazeera, 18 May 2012 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3yCl2fx<\/p>\n<p>9- \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;DR Congo Says Rwanda Operating 500 Troops Over Border\u201d. The Defense Post.<\/p>\n<p>10- &#8220;Darfur Bleeds: Recent Cross-Border Violence in Chad&#8221;. Human Rights Watch, 2006 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3Ai7irM<\/p>\n<p>11- &#8220;Chadian-Sudanese conflict\u201d. McGill (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3yNFLNT<\/p>\n<p>12- &#8220;Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur\u201d. Aljazeera, 31 Aug 2020 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3AnxqkR<\/p>\n<p>13- \u201cSudan, Chad agree to boost security, fight cross-border terror threats\u201d. Africa News, 31 Aug 2021 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3nHh4fj<\/p>\n<p>14- Michael Atit. \u201cOver 200 Reported Killed in West Darfur Tribal Clashes\u201d. Voice of America, 25 April 2022 (accessed on 26 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3adHcvs<\/p>\n<p>15- \u201cThe Niger-Mali Border: Subordinating Military Action to a Political Strategy\u201d. International Crisis Group, 12 June 2018 (accessed on 27 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/2uLm6vB<\/p>\n<p>16-a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>17- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>18- \u201cEast Africa leaders agree regional force to quell DR Congo crisis\u201d. Aljazeera, 21 June 2022 (accessed on 27 June 2022): https:\/\/bit.ly\/3nC332I<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/sudan\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africa-press.net\/\">\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0654\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0655\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 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